^SEPT., 1913.

^5

6

d

CAPTAIN SCOn'S DIARY.

THE DEFENCE ACT: BY HENRY STEAD.
SYDNEY AS FEDERAL CAPITAL.

BAHLE OF THE GAUGES.

GREATER MELBOURNE BILL.

THE DEADLY FLY.

THE BALKAN DEBACLE.

DR. BRIDGES: POET LAUREATE.

THE OVER SEAS CLUB.
AN EPISODE IN A CONSCRIPT'S LIFE.

Review of Reviews, llOjiX.

J>umNimsil^^^r^rm^.^M^i^.A<-fJstt,\s)^'lw^mAAi^^^^

^

if

i^JThilworth

Britain's Best Bicgrcle

By Appointment
Cycle Makers to
H.M. /vt/ii O'eor^'e

" The Sea, the Sea, the Open Sea ! "

What more glorious than to win to the open sea by the open road on the Hect

Rudgc Whilworih.

The Rudge-Whilwonh is tne result of years of experience and
experiment in bicycle making, and each machine carries with
it 10 years' guarantee. This means the best of everything.
Write for 1913 Catalogue, sent free on request.

Rudge-Whitworth, Ltd, (Dept233), Coventry.

London Depots :
230 Tottenham Court Road. (Oxford Street End), W. ;
23 Holborn Viaduct, E.C.

r-i>

A Strengthening Diet for Infants & Invalids

Swallow & ArielTs

MALTED RUSKS

This most readily digested food is specially prepared under
the most perfect hygienic conditions and closest supervision— from
specially chosen ingredients so as to achieve a combination
of the greatest nutritive qualities with a delightfully pleasing
and appetite-stimulating flavor.

It is a Breakfast Delicacy of the first order — appreciated from
the youngest to the oldest in the home.

As an alternative diet for delicate persotis and convalescents
it is in great demand, while when moistened with hot milk
you have a natural diet for baby.

' With stewed fruit they are delicious.

Try them with broth, butter, cheese, cream, jam, etc.
In 9oz. tins at Grocers or Chemists, and insist on SWALLOW & ARIELL'S

Sevtem^<=r U 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

1.

CYCLONE
BOOR

No. 25.

If you are interested in Home Building, in Fencing,
or in. Gates, get this finely-illustrated Catalogue of
Handsome and Useful Gates and Fences for all

purposes.

It interests every Home Builder, every Architect, every
Farmer — in fact, it interests 6very person who wants
to put something between his house and the outside

world.

Cut out this Coupon and post TO-DAY.

The Cyclone

Fence & Gate Co.

, 459 Swdnston St.,

Melbourne.

Please s<^ud

me ropy of your Oyc

one Catalogue,

post free.

Name..

Address

R.O.R.

Cyclone Woven Wire Fence & Gate Co.,

459 SWANSTON ST.. MELBOURNE.

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

u.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

There is refinement and
good taste in Hall's Distemper
decoration — and more.

The liability of wallpaper to fade and
discolour in patches, its ability to absorb
dust and dampness, and the monotony of its
patterns, are all overcome in

Hall's Distemper

This decoration mnkcs rooms appear airy
nnd spacious, shows furniture and pictures
to advantage, and gives a pure atmosphere.

Besides bein.^ the most lasting and beautiful
of wall coverings, it is a powerful dismfectant
and germ destroyer. It is recommended by
health authorities, and used in all homes where
good taste prevails.

I.< I us send you our Booklet. " ilow TO DF.CORaTR,
YnUR HOMi;." It tells all about Hall'i Disicii.pcr .nnd all
about home decoration It hclp^ in the choice and selection
ot colours, and we scnci with it samples of tito :o l>caiitiful
sli.idc> in *hicli H.ill s Distcinj ei is made. Write lo day —

SISSONS BROTHERS & CO. LTD. HULL.

London Office— 199B Borough Hi,v;h Street, S.E

l\verpool-S5, Mount Pleasant Olaagow— 113, BathSt. Reading 6. Gun St

Benger's Food is specially prepared to
build up the weakened digestive system,
and to promote a high state of bodily
nutrition while doing so.

It is the only food enabling rest and regulated exercise to
be given to the digestive functions.

Benger s Food is not a predigested food, nor does it con-
tain dried milk. It is made with fresh milk, and forms a
dainty and delicious cream, with a delicate biscuit flavour.

is for Infants, Invalids and the Aged, and all whose digestive
powers have become weakened by illness or indisposition.

A full descriptive booVlct may be o':,tait.-I iv^^t fiec fi'.m

BENGERS FOOD, LIMITED, Otter Works, MANCHESTER.

BRANCH OFFICES:

NEW YOEK (U.S.A.) : 91. William Street. SYDNEY (N.S.W.) : 117, Pitt Street.

Ca.\ADIAN agents : -National Urus: and Chemic.1l Co.. Lid.. 3J. St Gabriel St., MONTKEAL,

and branches throughout CANADA*

HU3

Spptemhfr ;, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

HI.

Sherwin Cody

will help you to a

better position and

a higher salary.

Success means putting intelligence, hrain- enth-usiasm and scientific
knowledge into every busmess effort.

You, whether you be Clerk, Correspontleiu, Salesman or Saleswoman,
Manager or Proprietor of a Business, must know tiie principles of Modern
Scientific Sales Letter Writing, Advertising, and Personal Salesmanship if
you wish to obtain the greatest success and the most mone)- from your work.

Sherwin Cody will equip you with the knowledge that wins. His expert
advice and instruction are inspirations to the highest achievement.

He will teach you business science

in its latest, its biggest, its

most universal form.

Sherwin Cody's new International Course on
"How to Do Business by Letter, Advertiaiiip. and
Porsonal Salesmanship" is twenty half-houi\s of
stJaight talk into your mind and heart on
How to Use Words so as to Make People Do
Things, How to Deal with Human Nature so
as to Get Results, how to plan and carry out
a big successful campaign, how to turn namby-
pamby, hasty daily letters into masterly busi-
ness bringers, how to manage an office on a
scientific plan, how to make an office assistant
worth ten times as much to himself and his
employer, and any man or woman, girl or
boy, in any business, a greater force for sales
and progress.

Sherwin Cody's new International Course,
greatly enlarged and perfected, goes right
to the heart of the subject of getting business
by sales, letters, and advertising, without a
moment wasted, showing you at a glance, in
a most intensely practical way, just what you
need to know. A cartload of instruction is not
sent to you at one time for you to absorb as
by magic, but you are supplied with easy les-
sons for study in a sane way half-aii-hour a
week. You'll digest every particle of the in-

formation, learn it in the beat way, and use
it next day.

It is a clear. Complete Course of Instruction
iu Modern Selling Methods, by which the
business manager can make his tirms
lette'-s ring with trade-getting strength and
conviction; the salesman make his m'11iii<.'
efforts keen, terse, and iloulily successful, the
young man develop himself into a power with
his employers; the young woman anxious to
succeed, make herself of gi-e.iter value in her
work, and enable everybody undertauing tlie
Course to write letters, pi'epare advertising,
and sell goods with scientific certainty in the
style and character that commands.

Write to-dav for free buoklet, giving full
particulars and instanfe.s of liow others have snc-
ceeded; how a boy's letters bvousjLt A'SO. 000 worth
of business in one year ; Low one man more than
doubled his business without increasiii? Lis es-
pendituie; how yonnp people liave taken this
Course and quickly risen to high-salaried posi-
tions. Send at osrE. and ser what Shkkwin
Conv CAN DO FOU vor. Address your letter \'i

SHERWIN CODY of CHICAGO, 73 Challis House, Sydney, N.S.W.

Thank you for nieutiomng the Keview of Kc\h-vs wlicii writing lo advciUscrs.

IV.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, WIS.

IN the privacy of your own room, you may quickly improve your health and
increase your strength. Judicious exercise is necessary to your well-
being.

If you neglect Exercise you neglect your health. Because, without (Exer-
cise, your blood circulation becomes feeble, its quality impoverished, its
nourishing qualities banished.

Walking is a fine exercise, but few can find time for a daily five-mile
jaunt. But everyone can spare fifteen minutes a day. Devote that time to
my judicious HEALTH EXERCISES, and you'll be delighted with the results.

My health Exercises apply scientific principles to ensure a vigorous blood
circulation, a thorough exercising of the vital organs, and complete relaxation.
Their benefits are quickly apparent because they go right to the spot.

Here is good evidence :

" Since undertaking your Course, I feel twice the man, and 1
have developed wonderfully. 1 have never been more pleased with
anything I have done than since I went in for your Course of
Physical Culture, and 1 can honestly recommend your Course to any-
one seeking better health. - E.H.W., Northampton, W.A "

That will give you an idea hov/ vou can benefit.

There are many more such letters given in my booklet, "Health and Strength
from Self-Culture." One of them will surely be similar to your case. Why not
write for this interesting booklet, which also gives full information of my methods,
cost of tuition, etc.? Kindly send three penny stamps for postage.

WWI^^^^^WWfTWf

^1.

m

iilrg\iwi!2p

(^Miy::ir

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisora

September l, 1013.

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

P/iTHf^ Home CwEMAToaBAPn

i^i

Br/j)^s /Ac fror/(/

fj

Booklet and Ful

Particulars ef

Machine and

Picture

Films

are sent free.

Use Coupon
Below.

No matter where your drawing-room is — in the centre of a city, in the suburbs,
or right away out in the country, the Pathe Home Cinematograph can he
used with equal advantage — because it

MAKES ITS OWN LIGHT

and is independent of any other light — oil, gas, or electricity. This point is one
tliat the public should remember. The production of the light is one of the
features of the Pathe Home Cinematograph, which is found in no other cinemato-
grapJi, but wliich is absolutely essential to success in Home Cinematography.

Anotlier important feature is that the

PICTURE FILMS ARE NON-INFLAMMABLE

they will not burn in any circumstances. This fact, in conjunction with the safe
method of light production, eliminates entirely any danger from fire — a fact recog-
nised ly all the fire insurance companies of Victoria, wlio make no extra charge if
a Pathe Home Cinematograph is in the house.

Consider these i)oitits carefully. The closer you examine the Pathe Home
Cinematograph and its advantages, tlie more you will appreciate its utility, its
strength, its educative influence, its success as a home entertainer, and its ab-
solute safety-
Write for Booklet telling you more about this delightfu! Home Entertainer. Scntl this coupon

to us or any of our agents. !(-■<?'

Pathe Freres 33 Alliance Buildings, 48 Queen St., CUT THIS OUT AND SEND TO-DAY.
Melbourne; Home Cinematograph & Agency Pty . Ltd.,
48 Queen St., Melbourne ; Birch & Carroll, Edward
St., Brisbane; S. Spurling & Son, 93 Brisbane St.,
Launceston; Optical and Photo. Supplies Co., 672
Hay St., Perth; C. W. Fraser&Co., 139YorkSt.,
Sydney; Harrington's (N.Z.) Ltd., 42 Willis St., Well-
ington; G.R. Foreman & Co., Napier, N.Z.; FC Wade
& Co., Greymouth, N.Z.; Wilkins & Field Hardware
Co. Ltd., Nelson, N.Z ; The N.Z. Farmers Co-oper-
ative Association, Canterbury, N.Z. ; Patterson & Barr
Ltd.. Dunedin, (for Otago); Arts & Crafts Depot.
Masterton; Messrs. Andrew Ltd., Wanganui, N.Z.

Please .send me particulars of Pathe's
Home Cinematograph.

Name

.\tldress

33

Thajik you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

VI.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September I, 19/5.

r

Waternian's

(Ideal)
FountairiPen

In designs to suit all
tastes and with iridium-
tipped Gold Nibs to
suit all hands. Every
Pen Guaranteed.

1 3/6 and upwards.
Obtaiii'jf'le from ^iatioi'eis atia

L. & C. Hardtmuth, Ltd.,

Koh-i-noor Hous-..
London. England.

AUSTRALIA:

350. George St ,
Sydn-.y.

V

5X

1ndioejTio/jI

riT^ciDiTyg/

ZiEADAcyE

•\

••
•\
••
•\
••
•\
••
•\

••
•\

••
•\

••

• •

• •

• •

•^ "^ 'N •N •N WN •N •V •^ WV •N tN •N •N •% •N •% BN ©N •% •% tV •% tV tV bS •% tV tN bN bN •N /•

••
•\

^■^^ ^"()Oll^^ .ire b.isi'd on scifiititK Cfmiiil i<>-:. Ust'il (IS (/iri'iUtt, lliey

• • are eXHctly what a baby n<?eds (o develop into a healthy diid

•■^^ robii>t fhild The "Allenluirys" Foods are easily assimilated

** digestive and kindred disorders are avoided by their use,

Infants fed on these
FOODS are neither
Fretful nor Wakeful

SCIENTIFIC CERTAINTIES

The 'Allenburys'

MILK FOOD No. 1

From turlti to ^ mouttia

MILK KOOD No i
From 3 to 6 inontba

M.\LTED FOOD No 3

From 6 month* upwards

SJB^ A Pamphlet ora
Infant Feedins and
Management FREE

•\

• •

• •

• \

^Rllcnhmus Foods

• •

• •

AI I.EN & HANBURYS Ltd., London Eng . and Marhel Si.

Sydney ••

•\ • V •% •% •% •N •V •% •V WN •^

• \ •V •% •-, •\ bV wX •% •% «\ «\ «N «N •N •% •V •N bV ^N •% •N •N

kf ^^^m^:=^ S^^m^=:^ N^Bt^-/ -^^^B^s^ \^m^ ^^t:^.^;

The Sol-Horometer

will give an old-world charm to your Garden. It combines
a charming and attractive appearance with an instrument of
greater accuracy than that of any watch, for it gives the
correct standard (clock) time to the fraction of a minute,
year in and year out, whenever the sun shines, in any part
of the world. The ordinary Sundial cannot do this, nor
is it as handsome.

Of solid Gun-niet.Tl or CopperCaslings, substantially constructed, it is made
equal to a gun and as true as the Sun — the fundamental time-riece.
Handsome Brochure sent FREE on request by the sole tnnkers —

Pilkiogton & Gibbs, Ltd., Instrument Makers, Pretton, Eogland.

kl J^^mh^ .^^m^^ ^^my^ J^^mt:^ J^

■Septemlier 1, i:iU3.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

VI 1.

FRE

coi.ouri:b

AND
AUTISTIC

Post Cards

NO MONEY WANTED.

Send us your name and address and we will forward you 12 packets,
each containing 6 of our coloured and high-art Post Cards to sell for
us at 6d. per packet. When you have sold the cards, return us our 6s.,
and we will send you, for your trouble, any present you may choose
from the list of jewellery which we forward. By continuing the sale
of our cards you can earn a Lady's or Gent's Silver Watcli and Chain,
a Photo. Camera, loaded for use, Silver Hair Brushes, Gold Ring's,
Ladies' Gold Cased Muff Chaiiis. Rabbit Rifles of faithful workmanship.
Musical Instruments. Ladies' or Gents' Dressing- Cases, replete with
every toilet requirement, Gold Brooches, Solid Silver Piiiit Knives and
Pencil Cases, Fountain Pens, Gold Cased Sleeve Linlcs, Rodg-ers' Re-
nowned Pocket Knives, Gold Cased Curb Bangles, and other exquisite
and choice prizes. Remember, we want to do business with you again,
and to do this we must give you full satisfaction. We take all the Risk.
You can return the cards if not sold. We have no connection with any
other Firm. We are tlie largest dealers in postcards in Australasia, and
import our jewellery, or we could not make you this liberal offer. Be
the first in your district. Our postcards sell at once, wherever seen.
Every month we are changing and improving them. We defy contra-
diction when we assert that we send our agents only the best and most
artistic penny postcards in Australasia, and that our views of Aus-
tralian scenery are uniciue, and unequalled by any others. Our prizes
delig-ht our ag^ents, and are positively as represented in our illustra-
tions. We refer you to any trade agency, or to any of our agents.
We have thousands of testimonials, having built up our large business
by giving honest value to all.

REGAL POSTCARD CO., 165 BOND STREET, SYDNEY, N.S.W.

:(

Thank you for mentioning the Review of K«viewi wueu wriiuiK to adveruseri.

Vlll.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

t

You can Learn GREGG SHORTHAND

In 12 Weeks in Your Own Home.

SIMPLE : Mastered in a third the time
required for other systems. EASY : You can
always read what you have written.
EFFECTIVE : Writers of Gregg hold best
records for speed. Natural, Soientiflc. The
work of a master mind.

Business men and others realise the great
use shorthand would be to them but hesi-
tate to learn it becatise of difficulty and
time required. GREUG overcomes both
these obstaicles. Write now for full particu-
lars and FREE SAMPLE LESSON. Expert Postal Tuition

Phil. 0. Baines. O.G.A.

(Australian Represeuta.tive)

Gregg Shorthand Institute, Albion,

Brisbane, Qld.

Profitable
Farm Power

The "Victoria" BRITISH
MADE Kerosene Engine

Stands the Quality test. It is suitable alike
for light or heavy duty. The simplicity
featured throughout reduces wear and tear.
It also ensures smooth operation A solid
and powerful engine. Cost of running is un-
surpassed by any engine which has come
under our notice. It averages less than Id.
per B.H.P. per hour. Sizes 35, sJ, bi, 7i, 9i,
Ili, Maximum B.H.P. Horizontal or Port-
able types. Each engine is accompanied
by makers' certificate of test.

Send to-day for Free 4-page Folder.

DANKS t

JOHN

Prop'y

391-9 Bourke St.

:SON

limited

Melb.

rhe

ROYAL

Standard

TYPEWRITER

Supplied under Contract to the N.S.W. Government Stores.
Supplied under Contract to the N.S.W, Grovernment Railways,

MODEL. PRICE

5 Foolscap £21

6 Brief - £23
8 Policy - £28

Including Tabulator. Back Spaces,
and Bichrome Ribbon.

^^m

Many of the largest and
most exacting concerns in
Australia have adopted the
ROYAL. They could afford
any Typewriter ; they use
the ROYAL because they have
found that for efficiency and
economy it stands without
equal.

The Royal represents the late^ development in Typewriter manufacture.
Simple, strong, compact. It has every desirable feature to be found in
any Typewriter, plus many improvements exclusively |RoyaI. It thas
established a new standard of Typewriter endurance.

^KVT-itc iar Rayal LfitGi'atnrG—

•' WACEY and PINCOMBE,

Australasian Agents,

Meibourne Kopresenfative- ^^ Hunter Street, SYDNE,Y.

B. L HOUSTON, 44 William Street.

Sevtemher l, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

bL,

v^

t^ o

\^\i

-''THCISiblXONESQ^
fi- BY His NUMEROUS V
P STUDENTS, FRIENDSANDv
If ADMIRERS IN RECOCNITION!
lOFHlS WORKAS FOUNDER'
£.0F SALESMANSHIP. ADVER.
^-^TISINC AND BUSINC.SS;j
KMANACEMENTxIN--.
■^i STBUCTION :-lN yj

A BETTER POSITION, WITH A
GOOD PERMANENT INCOME

Since Mr. Thomas Dixon first save this bold advice ten yeara ago
tlirougrh the columns of the press.

LEARN TO WRITE ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisement-writing has become one of the most remunerative
professions of the day. It is the trained man who stands the best
chance, and the same will apply still more in the future, when
trained skill will be more and more in demand. The Dixon Institute
Cour.se of Advertisement-writing is the most complete in the world.
;>iir free book gives a volume of instructive Information on the subject.

MASTER THE SCIENCE OF SALESMANSHIP

and Business Building, and rise out of the rut to a better position,
Increased salary and secure future. The Dixon Institute Salesman-
ship and Business Course has done this for others. It will do the same
for you. Send in the Coupon to-dav and learn all about both courses.
" DIXON'S MONTHLY," the new knowledge magazine, which lias
ereated a sensation among business readers of all classes, will be

sent post free for 9d.

DIXON INSTITUTE (LONDON). Australasian Representatives:

James Rodger &Co., 1121 Lichfield St.,Christchurch,N.Z.

^ATrBRVtiS

CUT OUT THIS COUPON

and forward it to address as above and receive a copy of " Science
in Business," which gives full particulars of the DIXON INSTI-
TUTE Courses of Instruction, post free. If you enclose nine
nenny stamps the current issue of " Dixon's Monthly " will also
be sent.
Name

Address

:rv

yENUS

Perfect Pencils^

Stand £done
for quality

Never before in the history of
pencil making has such a high
degree of pencil perfection
been attained as in "VENUS"
Pencils. Good pencils there
are, but it is now a recognised
fact that "VENUS" PENCILS
have established a new and
much higher standard of pencil
perfection.

Next time buy
VENUS Pencils

1 7 Black degrees, softest to hardest

2 Copying degrees, medium & hard

Of all Stationers, Stores, etc.

American Lead Pencil Go. London

rf'S WitRTH

a great deal to you to Isnow that by means easily within
your reach you can qualify to enter the best paid pro-
fession in the world. By giving a little of your spare
time you can (at home and without the expense or
trouble of goins to any classes) successfully fit yourself
to fill a responsible post in the Engineering Profession
at a good salary. Our FREE BOOK explains how.

We have been the means of

SECURING

splendid positions for our students in the Electrical
Engineering Profession and its many branches. Send
for our FREE BOOK, " How to become an Electrical
or Mechanical Engineer." It tells exactly what our
system is, shows what we have done for so many others
— and proves what we can do for you.

We train you in the following : —

Complete

Electrical
EnRineerinK,
Electrician's Course,
Short Electrical Course,
Electric Light and Power.
Mechanical Engineering,

Mechanical Drawing and
Machine Design,
Electric Tramways

(SpeciaP,
Building Construction.
Sanitary Engineering,&c.

Write a postcard now. It will be a good stride towards
your future prosperity. Address ;

B:igley & Tinkler. Robb's BUlgs.,,S3:iR Collins St.. Melbourne :
T. S. M:\riiu, Swifts Bld«s., 2S4R Castlerc.irtli St.. Sydney.
N'.S.W.; G. LaKgetn, 9'.;k Davis St., Boulder City. W.A.

EI.ECTRICAI, ENGINEER INSTITUTE

OF CORRESPOS'DESCE INSTRVCTWS.

E.Ei

64D.

Norwich House, Southampton St..
Holborn, London.

X.

REVIEW OF reviews:

Septemher i, 19JS.

FOUNTPENS

rank as the standard not only for
quality, high finish and reliability,
but also for progressive improve-
ment.

All Stationers sell "Swans."
Every " Swan " is guaranteed.
We maintain in perfect work-

ing order.

We allow for other and old
pens.

We can match any
steel pen.

A

POINT
for EVERY
HAND.

Prices f r o m
10 6 upM-.irdi

Sold by Stationers and Jewellers.

Be sure you get the " Swan '
in the red " Swan " box.

Catalogue free en lepiest.

MABIE, TODD & CO.

79 & 80 High Holborn, London, W.C.

And Braocbes.

Australasian Branch (Wholesale only.)
J. A. Burke, 15 Waltliani Buildings,
24 Boud-st., Svdnev.

^i»ww^y-<^2ll;i

Proscenium 13 by 12 Indies. St.igc 13 by \b'/t Inches
Nine Scenes, beautifully colored, with appropriate side
scenes, drop scene, orchestra, &c. 72 characters, suitably
costumed, properties, books of the words of Three Complete
I'lays, — " Cinderella," "'Uncle Tom's Cabin," .tnd " Black-
Eyed Susan," with full stage directions. All the timber
for buildiug Theatre cut to sizes ready to fit together, with
plan and instructions, nails, S:c. Only 6/6 for everything,
packed and delivered at any address Anyone with taste
for theatricals may interest and amuse his fficnds with
performances similar to the marionette shows that are so
popular on the variety stage Other plays may be had
with all scenery, characters, S;c. Obtainable only Iro
Xhe Union Manufacturing Co
299 Eiizabcih Street, .Melbourne.

Established 1835.

Write for our
Catalogue.

E. M. REILLY&Co.

Gtm &■ liifli Mat'Ujaclureii.
Guns converted and re-
p.lircil .It uuuler.ile ^Jlices.

But Ejector Gou (roD £Z5
13 HIGH STREET.
MaRVLiBONt.

LONDON

^f-ecial a'.tenttoii to Joretgu aiiu C4^lonial eiiquinrs

^'^^.^'

^mm

['S

A REMEDY OF LONtt BTANDIHO
Tried, true, and alwav* !o be relied on. (fives
InMant rm.xei In Astrima, and lioi great value
in Bronchuitand Whoopmij< ouk^n. 1 ■ er tii
from Ch^.ni'.tvor po»T fre« I (rorn J UINKS-
MAN. Cbemlit Oarlnka Tnal i arV- -^^-c tree

PEDIGREES & ARMS itngl.sh S ho^nan).

Mr. CuUlIou traces pi.iliKri.eb ot middle class as well as
aiided lamiiies, with proois from pub.ic records. I pon
iiis collection of relcrenccs to Ped'grees and Arm*
iio.ooo have been spent during 70 years.

Enquiry lei.in an^ueied without charf<e.

_iO CULlETON 92 Piccadilly, London.

FOSTER

Stud;oj open 10 tlU 6.
Evening CUuei 6 till 9,

Sbowcard, BUck-and- White Ad-
vertisement, and FaihioR detifo-
ing. Also Miniature Lilhofrtphy
and China Painting laui;h( at
Studios, or practical lessons sent by
post. Sluacnls' Drawings placed
Firms requiring designs ao^
artists for commercial art work
should write us.
Terms : Secretary, T. Howard,
The Anglo- American School of Art Reproduction,

II Red Lion Square, Southampton Row, London, W.C

CHIVE

Carpet Soap

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September i, isis.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XI.

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Xll.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XMl.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS

FOR AUSTRALASIA.
EDITED BY HENRY STEAD.

CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1913.

Page

Page

Laying the Foundation Stone of the Commonwealth
Buildiag in London

H.M.A.S. "AUSTRALIA"
The Progress of the World-

Frontispiece

Visit of the British M.P.'s 659

Our Flagship 659

Can She Get In? 659

The Federal Situation 660

What May Happen 661

The Interstate Commission 661

Victoria and New South Wales 661

The Federal Capital 662

Why Not Sydney ? 662

The Navigation Act 663

Elective Representation in Papua 663

The Governor of Victoria 663

State Finances 664

The Norton-Griffiths Agreement 664

The Underwriting Provisions 665

Mr. Elwood Mead 665

British Parliament 666

Liberal-Labour Split 666

Labour Unrest at Home 667

South African Politics 667

Peace in the Balkans 668

The Treaty Terms 668

The Progress of the World (Continued) —

Turkey Intervenes

What Will the Powers Do?

Mexico's Troubles

Chinese Affairs

The Panama Exhibition

Flying Round Great Britain

An Impeached Governor

An Indian Navy

The New Laureate. — Ky Margaret Bryant

The Defence Act in Australia. — liy Henry
Stead

Notable Anniversaries of the Month —

The Battle of Quebec— Death of General

Wolff
The Relief of Lucknow

668
669
670
670
671
671
671
672

673

675

680
681

Pictures by Australian Artists ■— The Work of
Herbert S. Powers ...

Opera — Concert and Stage

Topics of the Month —

XIII. — The Greater Melbourne Movement,

by Leonard Vivian Biggs

XIV. — A Uniform Gauge for Australia . .

682
684

687
690

(Continued on next page.)

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XiV.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 1913.

CONTENTS. — Continued from page xiii.

Page

Pagb

Leading Articles in the Reviews —

The Undying Story of Captain Scott .. 693

China's 30,000,000 Soldiers 694

The Romance of the Sea Deeps 695

Germany's Subsidised Army Motors . . . . 697

Free Trade in Amei'ica 698

The Deadly House Fly 707

Is Suicide a Natural Death? 702

Damascus or Constantinople? 703

Notes on Notables 705

The Rontgen Rays in Medicine . 707

California's Case Against Japan 708

The Gift Battleship from Malay 710

Poetry in the Reviews 713

History of the Month in Caricature
An Episode in a Conscript's Life
Notable Books of the Month —

715
721

Notable Books of the Month (Continued, —

Germany's Strong Men 727

Womanhood 727

The Most Useful Book in Australia . . . . 728

Books in Brief 729

Educational Progress —

The Keforin of Secondary Education in
England, by Rev. Herbert branston
Gray, D.D 732

The New Educational Programme in Eng-
land, by W. TI. Massingbam .. .. 736

John Bright : The People's Tribnne
A Revelation

723

726

740
74S

744

Financial and Business Quarter —

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September 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XV.

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XVI.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

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Review of Rcvictvs, t/9ili

^57

{Topical.
Laying the foundation stone of the new Com-
monwealth offices in London. The King replies
to Sir George Reid, on being asked to lay the
stone.

658

Review of Reviews, II 91 IS.

'* -^

1

J

The Rev

EDITED BY

EVIEWS

HENRY STEAD.

SEPTEMBER, 1913.

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

Visit of British IVI.P's.

The two most important happenings
in Australia during September will be
the visit of the British M.P's. and the
arrival of H.M.A.S. "Australia." The
Parliamentary visitors can spend a bare
three weeks here, but during that time
they will be able to get a good idea of
Australia and Australians, a knowledge
which will be invaluable to them, and
also for the Commonwealth, when they
are again in the old country. Such visits
are bound to do good. The more the
home folks see of us and our great coun-
try, and the more we see of them and
the homeland, the more the Empire will
be cemented. All honour to those who
have worked so unremittingly to bring
about such visits. It would be a wise
policy to arrange for them at regular
and frequent intervals.

Our Flagship.

The arrival of the Dreadnought-crui-
ser, which will become the flagship of
the Australian navy, is an outstanding
event in our annals. The fleet, decided
on some years ago, is at last actually
in being, and has in H.M.A.S. "Aus-
tralia " one of the most powerful battle-
ships in the world. Admiral Sir George

Patey is certain of an enthusiastic wel-
come, which will exceed even his experi-
ence at Capetown. The battle-cruiser
displaces 18,800 tons, is armed with
eight 12-inch guns, sixteen 4-inch guns,
and two J i -inch torpedo tubes. She is
protected by a belt of eight inches to
four inches in thickness, w^ith lo-inch
armour on the turrets. Her sea speed is
26 knots. Although she represented the
last word in battleship design when she
was laid down, so rapid is the advance
made in naval construction that she is
already out of date as compared with at
least six battleships now^ launched or
nearing completion !

Can She Get In?

Her arrival will again bring up the
question of the depth of Port Phillip
harbour. According to present plans the
flagship will go straight to Sydney, but
at some time she will have to visit Mel-
bourne, (^an she pass the Heads safely ?
She draws more than the " New Zea-
land " did, and her difficulty is not for-
gotten. No doubt in certain states of the
tide in calm water, and with fairly
empty bunkers, she can enter Port
Phillip. Hut lunv parlous would be her
jiosition supposing she had l^en in

66o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

'action, and with several bulkheads filled
she found it mipossible to enter S\dney
Harbour or the Melbourne Heads. It is
such circumstances those who state that
the harbours are deep enough fail en-
tirely to take into account. Another
notable visitor to Australia is the White
Star liner " Ceramic," the largest mer-
chant vessel which has ever come here
She is commanded by Captain Stivey,
R.N.R., whose gallant rescue of the crew
of a burning steamer in the West
Atlantic is still remembered. The " Ce-
ramic," full)- loaded, could hardl\-
negotiate the Rip, and other vessels still
larger are now being built for the Aus-
tralian trade. Wlien will the authorities
wake up ? Let us hope before a grave
accident opens their eyes !

The Federal Situation.

One needs to attend a sitting of the
Senate to properly appreciate the present
political situation in the Commonwealth.
There one has ocular denu nstration of
the hopeless position of liie Government.
Four or five men, on the right of the
President, support Senator Nlillen, and
opposite them, filling all the benches, in
serried ranks, overflowing into the cross
benches, strolling in and out of the cham-
ber, arc the Labour Senators, inter-
jecting, laughing, keeping up a running
fire of remarks as perhaps the Liberal
Minister replies crushingly to Senator
Pearce, who refuses to admit that 80,000
unsigned cards were entered on the elec-
toral rolls of New South Wales. The
sight is almost pathetic, but it compels
one to realise that the Liberal Govern-
ment will never consent to a dissolution
of the Lower House onl\-. The Opposi-
tion takes entire charge of the Senate,
and does as it likes. It held up urgent
business in order to discuss the Chinn
case, and prostituted democracy by ap-
pointing Senator de Largie -Mr. Chinn's
chief advocate — chairman of a Commit-
tee of Enquiry into his case. The Sena-
tor has no doubt perfectly satisfactory
grounds for describing Mr. Chinn's sum-
mary dismissal as the most " scandalous
piece of ]3ersecution that has ever taken
place," but for the Senate to apjioint
^ anyone to a committee of enquir\- who
has taken any part in the controversy

THE KINO ON H.M.A.S. " AUSTR.M.I.V."
The Kine:, Sir (i. Keid. the Prince of Wales, and - ' i r -n i •

Admiral Sir G. K. Patev uviiom the Kinsr hart just is a grave reversal oi rarhamcntarv

knighted on the qj.arter deck) are in _the centre ^^j^j^^ ^j^^ ^^,^^^^ COUntrV mUSt COndemn

of the group of officers.

ITopical.

Bevieiv of Revieivs. 1/9/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

66i

What May Happen.

Mr. Cook accurately described the
situation in his speech at Kyneton, when
he accused the Labour members of wil-
fully holding up the business of the
Commonwealth in order to gain a tacti-
cal advantage. It is difficult to under-
stand how men of Parliamentary experi-
ence can act in such a short-sighted man-
ner as Mr. Fisher and his colleagues are
now doing. The only possible object is
to force Mr. Cook to resign, and thus
obtain a dissolution of the Lower House
only. Before such a policy could be
successful, the whole country would be
so sick of the manner in which legisla-
tion had been hung up that those re-
sponsible for it must inevitably suffer
at the polls. That is always assuming
that there are large sections of voters
who think for themselves, and are not
mere party automatons.

The Interstate Commission.

The appointments to the Interstate
Commission have given general satis-
faction. Mr. Piddington is suitablv re-
warded for his acquiescence in the de-
mand of the Bars of the different States
that he should not accept a seat on the
High Court Bench. His legal ability
should make him a good chairman. Mr.
Geo. Swinburne is well qualified by his
busmess training for the task, although
the part he took as Minister in the Mur-
ray Waters controversy has given rise to
some needless apprehension in South
Australia. As one of the first duties of
the new body will be the regulation of
the tariff. Mr. Lockyer w^as obviously in-
dispensable. The only dubious note on
the Commission comes from ultra pro-
tectionists, who are dissatisfied because
all the members are not also rabidly in
favour of a prohibitive tariff. The
powers of the Commissioners are far-
reaching. They can enquire into prac-
tically everything. The\- have the power
to administer in a large number of
things, and the power of adjudication.
They act as judges, too. from whom
there is no appeal except to Parliament.
They may be regarded as a permanent
Rovnl Commission. The Commission
does not, however, apjiear to have
any power to enforce its findings. It can
do' an immense amount of useful work.

MR. GEOEGE SWINBURNE.

and it IS to be hoped it will not be over-
whelmed with detail as is the interstate
body in the U.S.A..

Victoria and New South Wales.

There are welcome signs that there is
a real rapprochement between the two
States of New South Wales and Vic-
toria. How much the respective Gover-
nors are responsible for this will al-
wavs remain unknown, but the Premiers,
at any rate, have worked steadil}- to
this end. During August a hurried
conference took place in Melbourne
between Mr. Watt and Mr. Plolman,
at which man)- things were discussed.
Amongst others, the question of the
Murrav waters, and the border rail-
ways. As far as the latter are
concerned, agreement has been ar-
rived at, and the natural outlet for the
Riverina will no longer be denied those
fat lands. The nearer the two Slates
come together, the more cordial are their
relations, the better for the whole of
Australia. It is high time that the old
State jealousies, relics of a bygone time,
disa])peared altogether.

662

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September i, liilS.

The Federal Capital.

The Liberal Government is so en-
gaged fighting for its life that it cannot
be expected to devote much attention to
the many vital questions before it. We
cannot hope to see any definite line
taken with regard to the Northern Terri-
tory, Customs, Defence, Railways, or the
Federal Capital until after the next elec-
tion. Vox popnli is stronger in Aus-
tralia than anywhere else in the world ;
the people are called upon to decide
matters which at home are left to Min-
isters, and the referendum has become a
recognised feature of our political life.
Why should not the people have an op-
portunity at the next election of stating
definitely whether they wish the costly
bush capital erected or not ? tiere is an
easy, straight- forward issue, and why on
earth should it not be decided by those
who have to pay the piper ? When
Federation was finally consummated,
one of the conditions laid down was that
a capital should be created in New
South Wales, but not within a hundred
miles of Sydney. Jealousy between
Melbourne and Sydney made this clause
necessary. But much has happened
since then. The seat of Federal Govern-
ment has been for thirteen \-ears in Mel-
bourne, but Commonwealth legislation
has not been unduly Victorian as a re-

sult. Legislators, after ten years' delay,
finally pitched upon a spot as far from
S)dney and as near Melbourne as pos-
sible, where it is proposed to erect the
Federal Capital. The cost of doing so is
estimated at anything from i^ 10,000,000
to i,"3 0,000,000, and may cost still
more. Throughout the length and
breadth of Australia the " folly " of this
proceeding has been denounced. Why,
then, persist in it ? Because, we are told,
it was one of the conditions of Federa-
tion. The people voted on Federation ;
let them decide, after exjierience of its
working, whether or not the clause in
the constitution relating to the capital
should be altered

Why not Sydney?

Melbourne cannot be the capital ; it
must be in New Soulh Wales. That is
admitted, then why not plant it in Syd-
ney, at a cost of, say. three quarters of a
million, instead of at Canberra, at a cost
of ;^20,ooo.ooo? The objection that if
at Sydnev legislation would be unduly
influenced by New South Wales politics
cannot be valid now that the i 'k vears'
stay in Melbourne has proved the Com-
monwealth has no Victorian bias. Vic-
torians, we are told, will object. Surely
the onh' way to find that out is bv ask-
ing them. A referendum with the ques-

\_1 ofiicaX.
SCENE AT BISLEY. WHERE THE AUSTRALIAN TEAM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL THIS YEAR.

Review o} Reviews, 1/9/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

663

tions put plumb and straight is the
obvious way out of the difficulty. It
would be very surprising if there were
not a substantial majority against this
great waste of money. The sums to be
spent at Canberra could be far more
profitably used for conversion of rail-
ways and developing the country gene-
rally. The supposed opposition of Vic-
toria is a relic of pre-Federation days,
which a referendum would effectively
dispose of. Here is a chance for the
Liberal Party to show that it is not
afraid of doing a sensible thing be-
cause of the shibboleth of State
jealousy. Let it make the transference
of the capital from the bush to Sydney
a plank in its platform at the next elec-
tion.
The Navigation Act.

After long delay the Royal assent was
given to the Navigation Act. It is as-
sumed that the delay was due to the
desire on the part of the Home Govern-
ment to modify the portion relating to
British and foreign shipping, which to
some extent trespasses on understand-
ings and treaties at home. Unfortu-
nately this could not be done, and the
Act, with all these provisions in it, will
become law as soon as it is proclaimed.
The Government can, if it likes, delay
the proclamation of the part relating to
British shipping, and there is a strong
feeling at home that it should do so.
The Art as it stands practically pre-
cludes any Australian-owned line of
steamships' attempting to trade outside
Australian waters. The only alterna-
tives such a shipowner has before him is
to sell out or transfer his headquarters
elsewhere The shrewd and far-seemg
head of the Currie line of steamships,
the moment there was a probability of
the Art becoming law, sold his ships to
the British India Company, which, not
being owned in Australia, is not troubled
by the restrictions imposed by the Act.
When the Act is all in force, not only
will it be impossible to shi|i Australian
produce for local ports by steamers
owned outside Australia, but passengers
will not be able to use the Mail boats
for travelling from State to State.
Freights and fares are bound to go up,
as shipowners cannot afford to pay

the higher wages themselves, and as
there can he no outside competition, it
is the general public which, as usual,
suffers.

Elective Representation in Papua.

What seems to be a somewhat prema-
ture step has been taken by the Legis-
lative Council in Port Moresby. The
Council there, which now consists of the
Lieut-Governor and his principal offi-
cers, and three nominated members, de-
cided, by four to three, that elective
representation should be established in
Papua. This means that the whites of
Port Moresby will have far more to say
in local affairs than they have up to
now. The policy of the Government has
been to treat the natives exceedingly
well ; in fact, to regard them as the
owners of the land, and respect their
rights. Compared with what went on
there formerly, and still goes on in other
islands, this is a remarkable policy, and
one which is considerably resented by
many traders. All the representatives
of the Commonwealth save one voted
against the measure, and, in view of
Judge Murray's ripe experience, his op-
position will carry great weight outside
Papua. Mr. Walter, who is the manag-
ing director of the " Papuan Industries
Limited," is at present visiting Australia
in order to dispose of the remaining
shares of his company. The Papuan In-
dustries is an effort to combine business
and religious endeavour. The prospects
are fairly good, and there is no doubt
that the natives are rapidly coming to ap-
preciate the presence of a trading concern
in their midst, where thev are certain
of perfectly fair and kindly treatment.
Mr. Walker's plantations of cocoanuts
will not be bearing for another four or
five years, but when once they are doing
so the future of the company is assured.
Mr. Walker only wishes to raise ^^2500
here, having obtained i^ 12,500 of the
;{,"! 5,000 he requires in England.

The Governor of Victoria.

There are those who consider that the
functions of the Governor of a State
could and should be carried out by a
distinguished local man instead of bv
someone sent out by the King. The ad-
vocates of this do not realise how diffi-

664

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September l, 191S.

Members of Scott's Antarctic Expedition leavine Bnckini?hnm Palace after receivintr nietlaU from

the Kinc. [Topical.

cull it is for even tlie best and most im-
partial of men, born and bred in the
country, to dissociate himself from local
influences. Only those who have the
actual carrying out of the government
of the State can know how much part
the British Governors have taken in af-
fairs here, or how valuable has been
their advice and action. Mr. Watt no
doubt knew pretty well what Sir John
Fuller would do in the event of the
Government being defeated before ever
he made the fighting sjjeech which
crushed the insurrection in the House.
Urgent private business demanded the
Governor's presence at home, but before
he went he knew that no crisis was likely
to develop till he was once more at the
head of the State. Not only does a
British Governor bring wide experience
and outside knowledge to help him in
his high position, he is also a very real
link between the State and the home
Government^ — -and such links are truly
valuable. The only change that might
be made is that instead of the home
Government appointing party men to
the position, an impartial council should
have charge of the matter. We have,
however, been fortunate in having had

excellent Governors, party system not-
withstanding.

State Finances.

New South Wales is in a bad position
financial 1)'. The Labour Government,
which won power on a policy of " Re-
trenchment and Reform," have suc-
ceeded, after three years, in loading the
.State with a deficiency of i^i.6oS,i.Si.
As much a record as is the amount they
have borrowed during their term of
office. The railways are clamouring for
renewals and duj^lication- of track, but
will obviousl)' have to wait until actual
danger threatens. Tasmania, thanks to
the Commonwealth grant of ;{^95,ooo,
was able to entirely wipe off the deficit
from last year, and show a surplus of
iJ^32,ooo. Queensland has a surplus of
i^6ii6, but would have shown a sad de-
ficit had the railway receipts not been
;£"98,752 more than estimated !

The Norton-CrifFiths Agreement.

At first sight the jiroposed agreement
between the New South Wales Govern-
ment and Norton, Griffiths and Co., re-
garding the expenditure of ;{^3,ooo,ooo
on railways, seems decidedly attractive.
The Government wishes to build the

Bevicw of Reviews. 1/0/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

665

remaining sections of the North-Coast
railway, the line to Dorrigo, and the rail-
way from Condobolin to Broken Hill.
These railways are badly needed,
though not, perhaps, so much so as the
duplication of trunk lines, but the Gov-
ernment has neither the plant nor yet
the organisation to construct them. But
Norton, Griffiths and Co. (an English
firm of contractors in a large way) offers
to supervise the whole of the work, and
see it through, only charging \ per
cent, on the cost for their trouble. "They
go even further. They express their
willingness, if the Government decide to
raise a loan for the necessary ^^3, 000,000,
to underwrite the whole sum in the or-
dinary way. What more could an\-
Government want ? On closer scrutiny,
however, the scheme does not seem quite
so satisfactory. There appears to be no
definite limit as to the cost of the works
in question. Presumably the Company's
supervision will only end with the com-
pletion of the railways. Clearly, tlien,
it must be to their interest that the cost
should be as great as possible, seeing
that the supervision charges will be
thereby increased. The high reputation
of the company, Mr. Griffiths, the State
Minister for Works, considers, is suffi-
cient guarantee against this. But the
existence of a proper guarantee is not
mentioned m the published details of
the agreement. It is true that the agree
ment may be cancelled if the work is not
conducterl economically, but that in
itself is scarcely sufficient, even though
the company is to put up ;^50,ooo as a
guarantee for faithful completion of the
contract.

The Underwriting Provisions.

A far more serious Haw in the scheme
is the underwriting provision. The
State Governments have been for years
receiving the assistance of a body of
underwriters in London, who have done
all in their power to raise money when
required. Now the Plolman Minislr\-
proposes to throw these uncierwriters
over for Norton, Cjriffiths and Co. The
State Minister of Works holds that with
the support of that company it will be
easier to raise the three millions re

quired than it is at present to obtain
funds for normal pubic works expendi-
ture. This is a distinct confession of
weakness. It is a confession that New-
South Wales could not go into the Lon-
don market and raise ;^3,ooo,ooo with-
out the assistance of Norton, Griffiths
and Co., except at a higher price. Such
an admission is a decidedly damaging
one to the Holman Ministry, for it pre-
mises that the State's credit has so fallen
during its tenure of office that the exist-
ing underwriters and their supporters
have lost confidence in New South
Wales, and in its future. One thing is
certain, if the underwriting of the State's
loans be given to Norton, Griffiths and
Co., for this particular loan, it is highly
probable that .the present underwriters
will refuse to float further loans, except
on terms unfavourable to the borrower.
Mr. Wade tabled what was practically a
motion of censure on the Government,
condemning the whole arrangement.
The Premier announced that the measure
would not be taken as a party one, but
voting followed party lines, Mr. Hol-
man securing a majority of six.

MK. KI.\VOt>n MK.VD.

(,t)6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septcniliir 1. J<<I5.

Mr. Elwood Mead.

Seldom has there been so universal
and unanimous an expression of regret
as was evoked when it became known
;hat Mr. Mead had decided to go to
California to take up an important pro-
fessorship there. As Chairman of the
Water Commission he has done yeoman
service for \'"ictoria during the last five
years. Not only has he carried on irri-
gation works, he has also instituted a
sound policy of settlement, and brought
order out of the chaos he found. One
of the first irrigation experts of the
day, he has had to devote most of his
energies to getting the irrigated districts
settled. That he has been so successful
sDeaks highly for an administrative
ability by no means looked for, or often
needed, in an advising expert. His de-
parture will be a real loss to Victoria,
and it is unfortunate that Mr. Mead was
not able to dwell permanently with us.
It has been given to few "imported"
experts to excite so high a personal re-
gard amongst all with whom he has
come into contact in the carrying out of
1iis arduous work here.

British Parliament.

On August 15th Parliament was pro-
r(5gued until November 3rd. The ses-
sion which thus ended was a very busy
one. rhe Home Rule Bill and the
Welsh Disestablishment Bill were passed
formally by the Commons, and sent to
the Lords, who again rejected them.
They can become law under the pro-
visions of the Parliamentary, Act, in
June of next \ear. The Irish Parliament
could at the earliest meet in Januar\-,
191 1;, but might be postponed by Order
in Council for a further seven months.
Meantime, Sir Edward Carson is re-
viewing trained men in Ulster, and
threatening dire things if Home Rule is
persisted in. There is again a strong
movement to try and bring about an
arrangement by consent, which is ob-
viously the way out of the difficulty.
Unfortunately, whilst the Orangemen
refuse to allow the Nationalists to rule
over them, they are quite prenared to
rule over the Nationalists. What is
right for one section is apparently wrong
for the other. The ^larconi scandals

occupied a good deal of the tune of
the House, and delayed ratification of
the urgent!}' required contract for wire-
less stations throughout the Empire.
The Commons finall)- accepted the
Marconi terms a week before the proro-
gation, by 221 votes to 140, the division
being taken on i^arty lines. The Scottish
Temijerance Bill was finall)' accepted
by the House of Lords at the second
time of asking. Lord Haldane's Educa-
tion Bill was amongst those projected
measures which had to be dropped
o\\ ing to pressure of business. The Ap-
pelate Jurisdiction Bill, which received
the Royal assent, provides for an in
( rease in the number of Law Lords, and
should greall)- facilitate business. The
Imperial Court of Appeal — a Supreme
Tribunal for the Emiiire — is likely soon
to be appointed. This has long been
one of Lord Haldane's pet schemes, and
was unanimously asked for by the Im-
perial Conference in igi i. It is rumoured
that Sir Samuel Griffiths ma\' become a
member of this Court.

Liberal-Labour Split.

1 he mnicrs ot Great Britain have al-
ways been averse to their members in
Parliament belonging offlciall\- to the
Labour Party. The Father of the
House, Mr. Burt, is not even \-et re-
garded as a Labour member. On the
other hand the Socialistic section de-
mands an almost caucus rule, and de-
nounces violently any bargain with the
Liberals. It niaintains its right to run
special candidates at elections, even if
the Parliamentary Labour representa-
tives had arranged with the Government
Whips not to do so. Relations have
been getting strained for some time be-
tween the two sections, and an open
rupture occurred over the Chesterfield
by-election. It is a mining district, and
the Liberals selected as candidate a
miner, Mr. Ken\on, who was also sup-
ported b\- the Labour Party, although he
was himself a Liberal. This annoyed the
most advanced section of the Labour
members, who resented a candidate
being run who was not an out-and-out
Labourite in a constituency which had
hitherto been represented by a Labour
member. They, therefore ran a Social-
ist named Mr. Scurr, but found no one

Hrview of Reviews. 1J9/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

667

I

WILL CROOKS, M.P.,
The only Labour Member amongst the visiting

M P '8.

to support him, for the election resulted
as follows : — Kenyon (Lib. -Lab.), 7725 ;
Christie (Unionist), 5539 ; Scurr (Soc),
583. The Liberal majority is much the
same as was that of Mr. Haslam, the
late Labour member. The danger of the
present split lies in the probability that
at the next election many Labour can-
didates will be run in Liberal constitu-
encies, where the only result can be the
return of the LInionist on a minority
vote. England needs a system of pre-
ferential voting even more than does
Australia, but the f-Iouse of Lords would
never willingly allow such a democratic
measure to become law.

Labour Unrest at Home.

Employment has been ex(-eptionall)-
o-ood in Enu'land during the last few
months. This is partly due to the uii-
mense flow of emigrants to Australia
and Canada, and partly to the great
trade boom now being experienced at
home. Strikes have taken jilace here
and there. A good deal of trouble has
been experienced in the Government
offices owing to the employment of non-

unionists. The same reason caused 50CO
ships' painters in London to come out,
although they also demanded an in-
crease of I .^d. per hour. Ten thousand
skilled workmen in the London build-
ing trades have also gone on strike, and
it is expected that some 50,000 labourers
will follow them. The workmen em-
joloyed by the Office of Works have re-
fused the offer of arbitration made
them, and are contemplating a strike to
show their dissatisfaction with having
to work alongside of non-unionists. On
the whole, though, there have been fewer
strikes this year than ever before. The
national insurance scheme appears to be
working satisfactorily, and has hardly
been used at all as a whip to chastise the
Liberals by the Unionist candidates at
recent by-elections !

South African Politics.

Ever since General Hertzog had to
resign from the Union Government in
South Africa he has been attacking the
Botha administration furiously. So
strong is the feeling between the two
factions that there is a growing senti-
ment in favour of both leaders retirmg
to make way for a man who would
unite the two sections into which the
Dutch party is now divided. There is
not much likelihood of such a leader
being discovered so fundamental are
the present differences. Botha and his
following stand first of all for the
Empire ; Hertzog is temperimentally
parochial, and is all for the State, the
Empire a long way after. The late
^Minister of Education has a strong fol-
lowing amongst the Dop Boers, the
solid farmers, who form, after all, the
backbone of the country. The most
likely solution of the difficulty is an
alliance between the Botha part\- and
the Op]X)silion, an understanding which
would leave General Hertzog and his
followers in a hopeless minority.

Peace in the Balkans.

RouuKvnia, after havuii;" assisted
Greece and Servia to force Bulgaria to
her knees, took upon herself the role of
i^eacemaker. With the arni\- of King
Charles and those of her quandom allies

668

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septemter 1, 1913.

within marching distance of her capital,
Bulgaria had perforce to agree to the
original demands of the Servians and
Greeks ; Roumania also wrung some
territory from her, but prevented the
other two getting still more than
they had demanded before they at-
tacked Bulgaria. Peace was formally
signed at Bucharest on August loth,
and was made the occasion for compli-
mentary messages between King Charles
and the Kaiser, to whose efforts a final
settlement appears largely to have been
due ; the " war lord " of Europe thus
again justifying the contention that he
has safeguarded the peace of Europe
more than any other man during the
last two decades. The Bulgarian dele-
gates signed, much protesting, and were
encouraged to believe that Russia and
Austria would insist upon a revision of
the terms. This at first they appear to
have intended doing, but they have now
acquiesed, and King Ferdinand's pro-
tests fall on deaf ears.

The Treaty Terms.

The map shows the areas which were
in dispute between the Allies, and the
settlement has followed pretty much
on those lines. Thus Greece and Servia
secure the whole of the Vardar valley
and railway line, which gives Servia
direct access to Salonika. Nothing has
been said about any arrangement be-
tween the two Allies with regard to this
port, but there is no doubt whatever that
in future it will be the outlet for Ser-
vian produce. The action of Italy and
Austria in refusing to allow Servia to
own a port on the Adriatic has been
largely responsible for the war with
Bulgaria. Greece takes the port of
Kavala, her eastern frontier being the
river Mester. The Serbo-Bulgarian
frontier is continued due south to Istib
and thence to Strumnitza, which Bul-
garia is allowed to retain. The Greco-
Bulgarian frontier runs almost due east
from Strumnitza to Buk, on the Mester.
This arrangement deprives Bulgaria of
the whole of Chalcidice, and leaves her
with access to the ^gean, it is true, but
without a single adequate port on the
whole of her coastline. One will have
to be made at enormous cost.

Turkey Intervenes.

The conclusion of this treaty by no
means ends Bulgaria's troubles. Ac-
cording to the Treaty of London the
Turco-Bulgaria frontier was to be a
line from Enos, on the yEgean, to Midia
on the Black Sea. Whilst the Allies
were fighting amongst themselves the
astute Ottomans had occupied Adrian-
ople, and marched an apparently well-
organised army, various!}- estimated at
from 200,000 to 400,000 men. up to the
old frontier of Bulgaria itself. The
Turkish Government justifies this action
in an extraordinary coinjiiiiniqiie. This
states, in effect, that the Enos-Midia
line was erroneously taken b\- Bulgaria
to mean a straight line between the two
towns. The Ottoman inter]iretation is
that the frontier should follow the
River Maritza due north to Adrianople,
and thence east to IMidia. otherwise, goes
on this precious document, it would be
impossible to properly guard the Dar-
danelles ! About as absurd a conten-
tion as it would be to say that a fron-
tier line between Sydney and Melbourne
should go via Adelaide. No one can
take any notice of this effort to save
Turkey's face ; the real thing is that the
Turks actually occupy all the territory
they now demand. Bulgaria has been
compelled to demobilise, and neither
Roumania nor the two Balkan Allies
will do anything to compel the Turks to
evacuate. The Sultan fully recognises
the truth of what a shrewd German
diplomatist said when asked, " What
will Turkey get?" " If she stops at Lule
Burgas," he replied, " she will get a
frontier from Enos via the Ergene to
Midia ; if she goes to Adrianople. she
will get a Maritza-Ergene-Midia fron-
tier ; if she goes to Philippopolis, she
will get Adrianople!"

What Will the Powers Do?

Naturally this flagrant violation of
the Treaty of Berlin, backed as it was
by the united Powers, has created a
great sensation. Mr. Asquith and Lord
Morley have both solemnly warned the
Sultan that he must abide by the treaty,
or worse things will befall him. Euro-
pean statesmen have protested to the
Porte. Bulgaria, disarming herself ac-

Review of Reviews, 1/9/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

669

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[lUust nticd London News.
The map shows the areas in dispute iust before the outbreak of hostilities between tlie Allies.
The agreed frontier now gives Servia and Cireece all they demanded — rather more than is in-
dicated above. The inset map shows how comparatively small the whole area in dispute actually is.

cording to agreement, urges the Powers
to compel Turkey to do the same, and re-
tire from the territory she has reoccu-
pied. It would seem impossible for the
Turks, of all people, to flout Europe.
Montenegro w^as forced by the Powers
to give up Scutari, Servia was deprived
of a port on the Adriatic, Bulgaria was
compelled to disarm and agree to the
Roumanian conditions. Is no compulsion
to be put on the Turks ? Russia's sug-
gestion that she should occupy Armenia
until the Sultan obeyed the Powers'
mandate was not received with favour.
A naval demonstration at Constantin-
ople is possible, but there is undoubtedly
a growing feeling that the Turks will

be allowed to keep what they have
taken, some arrangement being made
with regard to the dismantling of Adri-
anople, and the neutralisation of the
River Maritza. A financial boycott
would speedily bring Turkey to heel, but
the Powers do not appear to be disposed
to inconvenience themselves to oblige
Bulgaria, even if by not doing so they
allow their own treaty to be torn up.
So long as the Sultan can obtain money
to pay his soldiers in Thrace he is likely
to remain in possession of the disputed
territory. If he does, the present settle-
ment of the Balkan question will as
surely lead to a further war as the
Treaty of Berlin did to this one.

6/0

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September i, i9J5L

Mexico's Troubles.

Ever since he took office President
Wilson has been urged to intervene in
Mexico in order to protect American
citizens and property in that distracted
land. This he has steadfastly refused to
do. He has also refused to recognise
General Huerta as President, holding
that he seized that position by unconsti-
tutional methods. This action has fur-
ther strained the relations between the
two states. It appears, though, as if Pre-
sident Wilson's confidential agent, Mr.
John Lind, has succeeded in persuading
General Huerta to grant an armistice to
the rebels, and to promise that the pre-
sidential elections shall take place at an
early date. On the strength of these
promises the United States will prob-
ably recognise Huerta as provis onal
President. It is rather surprising,
though, that Dr. Wilson should place
any faith in a Mexican ballot. The
method I foL?,nd in practice u-hen I
visited the country was absolutely cer-
tain to result in the return of the man
in power. The only means of chang-

ing the President appeared to be that
adopted by Huerta himself — armed in-
surrection. Huerta and Felix Diaz have
hitherto worked together, and it is signi-
ficant that the latter should be hur-
riedly recalled from Japan, when he
had gone to make an alliance between
the two countries He is the nephew of
ex-President Diaz, and probably is the
strongest man in Mexico. Attempts to
induce his uncle to return have been
made, but the old warrior is now too
feeble to undertake the Herculean task
of restoring order. It is quite clear that
the new President, whoever he is, will
have to be in effect a dictator, otherwise
ttie land will continue to be rent in
twain by warring factions.

Chinese Affairs.

The truth of Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen's pro
phesy has speedily been shown. He
stated early in the year that if Yuan
Shi-Kai succeeded in getting the
;^20,ooo,ooo loan he would speedily be
come a dictator, and with his well-paid
soldiers would crush all attempts at re-

THE VISIT OF THE KING AND QUEEN TO LANCASHIRE.
Their Majesties had a mapnficeiit welcome during their rapid trip through the industria
centres of Lancashire. Sciieduled tin.e was kept with almost uncanny exactness and tlie wlinli
programme went through without a single hitch. The above shows one of the 'manv decoritoV

trams in Liverpool

e many decorated
iTopical.

Review of liencws, 1/9!13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

ft/l

sistance to Ins will. He now acts with-
out much reference to the so-called Par-
liament, and has made certain that his
provisional presidency will be made a
permanent office. Dr. Sun, and other
leaders who started a revolt in Southern
China, have fled to Japan, and the rebels
are everywhere surrendering to the Pre-
sident's troops. The danger is that the
European Powers may be drawn in.
Already a German cruiser has been fired
■on, and has retaliated with her big guns.
A few more similar incidents, and a
severe Chinese crisis may be developed.
There has been hghting at Canton.
Nanking, the headquarters of the rebels,
still holds out. The foreigners there are
in much danger. The extraordinary
thing about China is that a w-ar like this
may go on for years, and the mass of
the people be entirely ignorant of the
fact. In a way China is like a deep sea.
The waves of strife trouble its surface,
but the solid mass of 450,000,000 people
beneath remain unruffled and undis-
turbed. A Blue Book, dealing with the
position in China to the end of last year,
has just been issued in London. It
discloses a hopeless state of affairs. No
substitute has been found for the
national and unifying principle of reli-
gious respect formerly paid to the
Manchus, and the Chinese seem to be in-
capable of bringing any sort of organ-
isation out of the existing chaos.

The Panama E.:hibition.

The official opening of the Panama
Canal is to be marked by a great Ex-
hibition in San Francisco in 191 5. Ac-
tually it is expected that the Canal will
be working early next year. The Exhi-
bition Committee have invited all the
countries of the world to take part, but
the response has not been encouraging.
Neither England, Germany, or any other
great trading nation has responded
favourably, as the Governments found
that manufacturers and merchants were
not willing to send exhibits, holding
that the cost of doing so could not pos-
sibly be covered by orders, owing to the
prohibitive tariff still in force. Ameri-
cans are beginning to believe that this
general boycott of the exhibition must
have something to do with the discrimi-

nating dues in favour of American ships
passing the Canal. This may have per-
haps decided wavering Governments
against taking part, but the attitude of
the manufacturers is the principal rea-
son. In view of the reductions in the
tariff now being made, it is unfortunate
that British and foreign merchants do
not intend to show their appreciation by
exhibiting. Australia, of course, views
the question from an entirely different
standpoint. We want to make our
country, not our manufacturers, known.
The Federal Government has set aside
a considerable sum for an adequate ex-
hibit, and it is to be hoped that the States
will also give their support. Victoria, at
any rate, has been trying to attract
American farmers. Here is a great op-
Dortunity of reaching an immense num-
ber of people without much expense. It
would be a pity to let the opportunity
slip away.

Flying Around Great Britain.

A gallant attempt to win the Daily
Mail prize of ;^5000 by fl-ying around
Great Britain in a hydro-aeroplane was
made by the Australian aviator, Henry
S. Hawker. Despite constant engine
trouble, fogs and head winds, the aviator
flew successfully from Southampton up
the East Coast, and around Scotland.
One of his planes buckled, however, and
he fell into the Irish Channel 15 miles
north of Dublin. His mechanic, Kauper,
also an Australian, had his leg broken,
but Hawker was rescued uninjured. The
total journey was 1600 miles, and only
340 remained to go when the accident
happened. With his usual generosity
Lord Northcliffe presented the aviator
with a consolation prr/e of ;^IOOO. The
difficulties met with show that the aero-
plane has still to be greatly perfected
before it is the certain and deadlv thing
many people think it already is.

An Impeached Governor.

A remarkable situation has arisen m
the United States. The Governor of
New York State, Mr. William Sulzer,
has been impeached by the State Legis-
lature for corrupt practices. He abso-
lutely refuses to quit office, holding that
the whole aft'air is the result of a plot

672

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 1915.

GOVEENOE SULZER.

on the part of Tammany, the corrupt
organisation which controls New York
City, the chiefs of which object to his
efforts at reform, and have determined
to get rid of him. As he insists on oc-
cupying the administrative offices, tem-
porary quarters have had to be found
for the Lieut.-Governor, Mr. H. Glynn,
who has been appointed to succeed him.
New York State numbers some ten mil-
lion inhabitants, includes New York
City, and its Governor is probably the
most powerful in America. Mr. Sulzer's
election created great surprise last year.
He entered on his work with the avowed
intention of clearing things up. Writ-
ing of him in the American Review of
Reviews before the openly hostile Legis-
lature had gone so far as to impeach
him. Dr. Shaw said : — " Every conceiv-
able effort has been made by the mer-
cenary politicians to break down the
Governor's public strength and private
reputation. Their methods, however,
have made him stronger than ever, and
have given him a standing as a courage-
ous hghter and a serious reformer that
the whole country recognises as never
before. Already he has accomplished
notable things. He has so exposed the
iniquities of the prison system that its

reform becomes inevitable. He has un-
covered the rottenness of the State's
financial system ; and past practices can-
not be revived. He has made necessary
a reform in the expenditure of vast sums
for such improvements as State high-
ways. He has made possible a reform
of health administration throughout the
State that will be of incalculable benefit.
He has made many admir.able ajipoint-
ments, and has got rid of many objec-
tionable officials. His record of achieve-
ment is great already, and nothing can
deprive him of its credit.

An Indian Navy.

In the old days the East India Com-
pany maintained a fleet of its own.
which was stationed in the Indian
Ocean, and the suggestion was strongh-
put forward — at the time of the m\thi-
cal gift of Indian Dreadnoughts — that
India should once more provide a nav)'
to guard her shores. This scheme is
again being advocated, and ap]->ears to
have many supporters. An Indian navy
would certainly be welcome here, for
it would undoubtedly add greatl)' to
the fighting force available to defend
our shores. It would natural !)• be
largely manned b\- Indians. Would
thev be allowed to land here?

FERDINAND AUGUST BEBEL,
The great German Social-Democratic leader.
who died on August 13, asjcd 73. A great tacti-
cian, organiser, orator and debater— he will be
sorely missed.

Review of Rerieirs, 1/9/13.

673

THE NEW LAUREATE.

AX EARLY PORTRAIT OP DLt. BRIDGES.

The new Poet Laureate is perhaps less
known to the general body of readers
than any other English poet of his
standuig. Yet he is in his 70th year, and
has been known and hj\ed by the men
and women of his own craft and those
interested in it ever since the publication
in 1890 of that thin volume of " Shorter
Poems" which contains the flower of
his early verse.

A ]\ 'ASTER CRAFTSMAN.
When the young poets who collabo-
rated in the recent volume of " Georgian
Poetr}^ 1911-12 " sought a fit person to
whom to dedicate their verse, they turned
to Robert Bridges, as to a master crafts-
man. The truth is that the special gifts
of Dr. Bridges, his exquisite restraint,
and his constant striving after metrical
perfection do not necessarily make a
popular appeal ; while his investigation
of metre and the laws of music in verse,
beyond value to the writer of verse, are
too technical for the ordinary reader.

LINES ON THE THAMES.
Then, too, Dr. Bridges is a recluse,
who is very rarely drawn from his quiet
retreat at Boar's Hill. Not even the
man\- ties which bind him to Oxford
have induced him to live in the city, but

CRITIC AND POET.

By MARGARET BRYANT. :

he has made his retreat in the quiet coun-
try overlooking the Thames Valley. No
one of the many sons of Oxford who
have lauded the river have done so with
more genial simplicity : —

"We left the city when the suiumer day
Had verged already on its hot decline,
And charmed Indolence in languor lay
In her gay gardens, "neath her tou'ers

divine :
" Fairewell," we .said, "dear city of y<nith

and dream."
And in our boat we stepped, and took the

stream.

BRILLIANT PHYSICIAN.
It is now thirty years since he aban-
doned a brilliant medical career for the
art and science of poetry. Educated at
Eton and Oxford, he took his medical
degrees from Bart.'s, and was attached
to the regular staff of that hospital.
Later he held appointments at the Great
Ormond-street Hospital for Children
and at the Great Northern till 18S2. He
was already known as the writer of
graceful lyrics, for the most part pri-
vately printed.

EARLY POEMS.
The fashion for experimenting in
various metres and in old forms of verse
had not set m when he published his
little volume of ]:)oeins in 1873. That
book contained the first English trio-
let : —

When first we met we did not guess
Tlnat Love would prove so hard a master;
Of more than common friendlines.s
When fir.st we met we did not guess.
Who could foretell this sore distress.
This irretrievable disaster.
AMien first we met ? — We did not guess
That Love would prove so hard a master.

In 1883 "Prometheus, a Mask in the
Greek Manner," was privately printed at
Oxford ; two years later came " Eros
and Psyche," a charming version of the
tale of Apuleius ; the sonnet sequence of
the " Growth of Love," and a series of
dramas, most of them on classical sub-
jects, but drawn in one or two cases
from Spanish and Portuguese drama.

674

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

LYRIC VERSE.
But none of these longer works have
had the same success as the lyric verse,
which seems to have so few points of
contact with Victorian England, except
perhaps in its rather Puritan note. He
was saturated with the poetry of the
1 6th and i/th centuries, and many of his
verses might have adorned an Eliza-
bethan anthology. Take, for example,
one beginning : —

Dear lady, ivhen thou frownest,
And my true love despisest
And all my vows disownest
That sealed my venture wisest.

The popular appreciation of his work
has justified a collected edition of his
works in six volumes, and in a single
volume edition of his poems, exclusive
of his dramatic works.

HIS PROSE WRITING.
His critical prose writings in the mean-
time had attracted a very great amount
of interest and discussion. After the
failure of Edmund Spenser's friend, the
inept Gabriel Harvey, Nashe's " good
Gabriel Huffe-Snuffe," to impose on
English verse the restrictions of classical
verse-writing, by which our " barbarous
and balductum rymes " were to be ex-
changed for artificial verses, it came
gradually to be assumed, that English
verse was governed by perfectly simple
and more or less mechanical laws of
syllable and accent. The critical writ-
ings of S. T. Coleridge dispelled the
idea that all was so easy as this, but it
is Dr. Bridges who has made a serious
and systematic effort to explain the why
and the wherefore of the music of the
verse of Milton and his great successors,
to show that though the number of
stresses in a line is an essential part of
the technique of English poetry, many

other considerations, even considerations
of quality, may enter into it.

RHYTHM FOR RHYTHM'S SAKE.
" There are very few persons indeed,"
he says in his severe, didactic way, " who
take such a natural delight in rhythm
for its own sake that they can follow «
with pleasure a learned rhythm which is
ver}' rich in variet}-, and the beaut>- of
which is its perpetual freedom to obey
the sense and diction." And he makes
it his business to give us a reason for
the faith that is in us when we admire
great poetry. This prepossession with
the machinery of verse and the boldness
of his own experiments explain why his
fellow craftsmen admire him.

PHONETIC SPELLING.

Then Dr. Bridges is perhaps the first
living authority on the phonetics of the
English language. We pride ourselves
that if we conform to the ordinary stan-
dard of the educated southerner, as prac-
tised at the two older Universities, for
instance, we are speaking the King's
English at its best. But Dr. Bridges, in
a learned pamphlet on!}' recently pub-
lished in the ordinary way, shakes us
roughly out of our placid contentment.
What future for that musical English
speech, which is the material of poetr)',
can there be in a generation which com-
mits such enormities as " Cheusdy " for

1 uesday, pawring tor pouring,
and declaims " ter be or not ter be " ?
"Audjins" for "audience" he quotes
from the mouth of a learned professor.
Dr. Bridges goes so far as to threaten
us that if we are to retain the graces of
our mother tongue we shall have to
resort in our schools to some system or
other of phonetic spelling.

The next of Mr. Henry Stead's articles upon his
Father v^ill appear in the October Number.

IReview of Reviews, 1/9/13.

675

THE DEFENCE ACT IN AUSTRALIA.

During- the six months I have been in
Australia 1 have endeavoured to follow
as closely as possible the working of the
Defence Act. My democratic upbring-
ing and habit of thought would natur-
ally cause me to take an antagonistic
view of any scheme which compels an
unwilling man to bear arms, especially
-when he has conscientious objections to
militarism in every form. I have tried,
I think successfully, to put my natural
inclinations entirely on one side, and to
•view the whole question impartially.
It is, however, with considerable hesi-
tancy that I set down my conclusions on
paper. After all, it is a matter for Aus-
tralians to decide upon, and it is diffi-
cult for a newcomer to look at things
from their point of view.

AN UNDISCUSSED MEASURE.

I have not been able to hnd out yet

whether the citizens of Australia, as a

whole, are ui favour of the Act or not. I

have discovered, though, that very few

By HENRY STEAD.

the proposals of the United .Service
League at home too closely for anyone
to believe that it was evolved locally.

" KEEN AS MUSTARD."
One must discount to some extent
the enthusiastic declarations as to its
universal popularity on the one side,
and the confident assertions about the
growing opposition to it on the other.
Those in favour of the Act state that the
boys are " keen as mustard," but declare
it impossible to have a clause allowing
for the exemption of the conscientious
objector, because it would be abused by
the many who do not want to train !
On the other hand those opposed to the
measure point to the 13,000 or more pro-
secutions which have been instituted as
evidence of the strong opposition to the
compulsory clauses. Actually, though,
the proportion is not any higher than
under the Education Acts.

A FREE COUNTRY.
Certain things are obviously bound

people realise quite what it is or may lead to happen which the framers of the Bill,

to. It is surprising that here, where so or, perhaps I should say those who

many matters are laid before the people passed it, did not for a moment foresee,

in the form of referenda, this thing, which Unless some provision is made for the

touches every person living in the land, true conscientious objector he will have

has never been voted on directly. Not to leave the country. There can be no

only was it never submitted to the elec-
tors in the form of a referendum, it has
never even been discussed at the hust-
ings, because both political parties were
committed to it, and it was a plank in
both platforms.

WHO FRAMED IT ?

doubt about that whatever. Some who
have been prosecuted for conscience' sake
are already preparing to do so. That is
obviously bad for Australia, and no
amount of blustering that we don't want
those who are not prepared to defend
their country will get over the fact that
. ,1 .1 r A . 1- in a freedom-loving Empire like ours

Actually, therefore, Australians as a ,^^,^^^.^1^^ ^^ ^he only Dominion which is

not really free. Some formula ought to
be found to meet the case.

whole have had no opportunity whatever
of either approving or disapproving of
the Act, and the policy which produced
it. One cannot blind oneself to the fact
that whilst the Liberal Party claims the
introduction of the measure, and the

TWO CLASSES OF RECRUITS,
x^nother unexpected thing is that in a
democracy such as ours j^referential

Labour Party takes credit to itself for treatment is being shown to the boys of

making it law, the Act is not the work well-to-do parents. These boys do not

of either. It resembles that in force in attend the State schools, and drill is

New Zealand, that in South Africa, and done by them in the school grounds as

676

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septemher 1, 1^19.

part, indeed, of the curriculum, so that
they do not experience any inconveni-
ence, have good instructors, and regarci
their drills as an addition to their sports.
The State schoolbo\-, on the other hand,
has to drill out of school hours — the
workboy out of office hours — as often
as not in the road or public square. His
instructors thus far have not perhaps
been all that could be desired, and al-
together he looks upon his drill as a
labour.

THE CAMP QUESTION.

Another thing which has hardly been
realised, and will not be until everyone
between 18 and 25 is in training, is the
great inconvenience traders and manu-
facturers of all sorts will be put to
owing to the compulsory camps em-
ployees must all attend. At present the
camps are all worked off at the same
time, but when the citizen force is in full
training they will obviously have to be
continuous the year round, otherwise
factories and shops will all have to close
during camp time. In any case it is
pretty clear that an employer will in
future be strongly tempted to engage a
man over 26 in preference to one who
was liable for camp and drill.

A MILITARY DOMINATION (?)
A very short time in Australia shows
one that the majority here have very
little real knowledge of the question,
have but the vaguest idea of the power
they have given the Military Council,
and realise not at all what the Act may
lead to. We are so democratic a people
both here and in England that \\'e can-
not yet grasp, as the Frenchman and
the German have been forced to, what it
means to be under the direct control of
a military organisation. At present, in
the early stages, that domination is
light, but to our descendents its little
finger may be thicker than its present
loins.

HOW THE ACT I S REGARDED.
I find that the attitude of citizens to-
wards the Act is on the whole one of in-
difference. The great majority know
little about it, but say a little discipline
is " good for the boys." Of that the
briefest residence in the Commonwealth
will convince anyone, but if the chief

value of Compulsory Service is to have
military officers take over the duties of
parents, so far-reaching and costly a
measure as the Defence Act was not
justified. I find also a considerable
number of men ver)' keen indeed on
creating an effective army, but convinced
that the training made compulsory by
the Act is hopelessh' inadequate. They
regard the Defence Act as the " thin
edge of the wedge," which will ere long
enable them to add very considerabl)- to
the number of days' training ever\' male
in the land must undergo. Another
earnest group consists of those entirely
opposed to the measure on conscien-
tious and other grounds. The\', like
those just mentioned, see in the Act an
instrument which may ere long make
Australia a military-dominated country.
There is still another group of men and
women who, though strongly disliking
their boys having to attend compulsory
drill, yet consider that the future wel-
fare of Australia demands that adequate
means of defence are provided against
a possible enemy.

The second group, consisting chiefly
of military men, is easily the most influ-
ential. The third, which embraces the
Quakers, all conscientious objectors, and
thousands of working men and women,
is the most earnest. Its official mouth-
piece is the Australian Freedom League,
which has a membership of 55,000.

A CONSPIR-ACV OF SILENCE.
The newspapers have little or nothing
to say about the working of the Act.
In fact, there is what might almost be
termed a conspiracy of silence amongst
them on the subject. Editors evidently
regard the Act as so much a fail ac-
compli that the less said about dif-
ficulties in administration the better.
This silence has made it difficult
to know just how the Act is working, or
how it is regarded, and has created the
impression that there has been hardly
any opposition to the measure at all,
and that " all's for the best in the best of
all possible worlds." It is true brief
accounts of prosecutions appear, but in
such a scrappy waj' that the average
reader is amazed when he learns
that there has been great difficulty

Review of Reviews, 119113.

THE DEFENCE ACT

677

in getting lads to register ; that
there have been over 13,000 prosecu-
tions ; that hundreds of boys have been
confined in military fortresses ; that
parents have been fined, and have even
gone to prison for refusing to register
their sons.

I propose this month to deal only with
the Act itself, and with the powers it
gives, leaving the financial problem and
consideration as to w'hether the force
now being created would be able to
effectivel}' oppose an invader, for later
numbers.

WHAT THE ACT IS.

The present Defence Act provides for
the naval and military defence and
protection of the Commonwealth and
of the several States. The original Act
was passed in 1903, and has been
amended so greatly that the Act intro-
duced in 191 2 was practically a new one.
It provides for the compulsory training
of all male Australians between the ages
of 12 and 26. It also provides for
naval defence, and for the permanent
military land forces of the Common-
wealth.

MAKING REGULATIONS.

Naturally the Act, and the regulations
and standing orders which interpret it,
are bound to be largel}' amended, deal-
ing as they do with a national force in
the creation of which actual experience
must show where changes are advis-
able. But the method of amendment
would seem to throw too much power
into the hands of the ^Military Council
which directs the forces of the Common-
wealth. Par. 124 in the Act states that
the Governor-General may make regula-
tions . . . which are necessary or conve-
nient to be prescribed for securing the
discipline and good government of the
Defence Forces. All regulations shall be
notified in the Gazette, and shall there-
upon have the force of law. All regula-
tions shall be laid before both Hovises
of Parliament within 14 days after the
meeting thereof. . . . If either House of
Parliament passes a resolution at any
time within fifteen sitting days after any
regulation is laid before it disallowing
any such regulation, that regulation
shall thereupon cease to have effect."

This certainly gives Parliament con-
trol over the regulations, but although
several highly-important ones altering
the Act have been laid on the table, not
a word has been said in Parliament
about one of them. One would judge
that the unobtrusive laying of a new
regulation on the table of the House
must pass unnoticed in the stress of
party warfare.

MUZZLING SOLDIERS.

One of the provisions that seems to me
contrary to the spirit of freedom we so
pride ourselves on is that set forth in
pars. 115 and 116 of the regulations.
They certainly trench, too, on the liberty
of the press : —

Officers ami .soldiers are forbidden to pub-
lish or oommunicate to the press any informa-
tioii without special authority, either directly
or indirectly. They will be held reepousible
for all .statements contained in communica-
tions to their friend.s ■;\hich may subsequently
ba published in the press. They are not to
attempt to prejudge questions under investi-
gation by the publication, anonymously or
otherwise, of their opinions, and they are not
to attempt to rai.se a discussion in public
about orders, regulations or instructions
Issued bj' their superiors.

Another regulation states that com-
plaints must not l3e made through para-
graphs in the Press.

These regulations — which have been
in forced — mean that no trainee between
the ages of 12 and 26 may say or write
a word upon the Citizen Force, of which
he forms a part. Whether this muzzling
will also apply to every fit man in the
Commonwealth as long as he is liable
for service (until 60) is not quite clear,
but presumably a man is a soldier in the
meaning of the Act until his liability
for service ends. This regulation
would appear to debar everyone save the
medically unfit, women and old men
from discussing the merits of the De-
fence Act.

COMPULSORY TRAINING.

127. The prescribed training shall be in
each year ending the thirtieth of June, of the
following duration : —

(a) In the Junior Cadets (12 to 14 years),

ninety hours; and

(b) in the Senior Cadets (14 to 18 years),
four whole-day drills, twelve half-day
drills, and twenty-four night drills;
and

6-jS

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 191S.

(c) ill the citizen forces (18 to 25), sixteen
whole-day drills or their equivalent,
of which' not le-ss than eight shall be
in camps of continuous training.

In the Senior Cadets a whole day's
drill is regarded as being not less than
four hours, and a half day's drill not
less than two hours, and a night drill
not less than U hours. In the Citizen
Forces a whole day's drill is not less
than eight hours. The compulsory drills
required every year are : — Junior
Cadets, 90 hours ; Senior Cadets, 64 ;
Citizen Forces, 96 hours.

SIX MONTHS IN ALL.

Reckoning a day as six hours, the De-
fence Act only compels every male citi-
zen, at present, to give up 184 days to
drilling for the possible defence of his
country. This drill is spread over thirteen
years, during the whole of which time he
is more or less under military law. Ac-
tually many more hours than these have
to be devoted to militar}' service, for the
constant journeys to the spot where drills
take place occupy much time, especially
in the country districts. After the young
citizen attains the age of 18, and until
he reached 26, he is compelled to spend
at lease eight days of his holidays, or
his employer's time, in camp. Obviously
this may be a severe hardship to some
men, and some employers. These are
the bare provisions of the Act so far as
Compulsory service is concerned.

PAINS AND PENALTIES.
To make the trainee conform to these
and other regulations certain penalties
can be inflicted. It will be seen from
the short summary which follows that
the military authorities have consider-
able power given them. It has been
freely stated that whilst these penalties
are necessary to have in reserve, it is not
intended that they shall be strictly en-
forced. Such statements are worthless,
for always, and inevitably, a benevolent
" general intention " must give way to
the " letter of the law."

EFFICIE^■T AND NOX-EFFICIENT.

133. At the termination of each annual
training in the Senior CadetAS and Citizen
Forces, each member shall be classified by the
officer appointed in that behalf as " efficient "

or '■ non-efficient."" Those Avho are classifie<J
as non-efficient, either for failure to attend
during the prescribed period, or because
they have not attained a sufficient standard
of efficiency, shall be required to attend an
equivalent additional training for each year
in which they are non-efficimt.

This clearly gives the company com-
mander much powder, as he is the judge

of efficiency.

PENALTY FOR EVASION OF SERVICE.

13o. Every person who in any year, with-
out lawful excuse, evades or fails to render
the personal service requirec] by this part
shall bo guilty of an offence, and shall, in
addition to the liability uiuler section 13.'?
of this Act, be liable to a jienalty not exceed-
ing ono hundred pouiulo.

la. Every person who. beinu a persoi>

liable to training under this jiart.

(a) fails, without lawful excus<', to at-
tend compuLsory drill or

(b) Commits a breach of <li.scipline

while on parade,
shall be guilty of an offence and .shall, in
addition to any liability under section 133,
be liable to a penalty not exceeding five
pounds.

(-1) In addition to any penalty imposed,
or . . . in lieu of imposing any
penalty the Court may, if it think.s^
fit, commit the offender to confine-
ment in the custwly of any pre-
scribed authority for such time not
exceeding twenty days as it thinks
fit, or for a time corre.sponding in
deration to the time wliicli in th<»
opinion of the Ck>urt would be taken
up in rendering the peiisonal M'rvic«>
required.

DEBARRED THE CIVIL SERVICE.

136. Every person who, wiiliout lawfuF
excuse, evades or fails to render the per.«<iaal
service required by this part, shall, unle.'js
and until he has performed e<juivalent per-
sonal service, be and remain ineligible for em-
ployment of any kind in the public service of
the Commonwealth.

PRE\ENTING SERVICE.

134. (1) No employer .shall prevent or at-
tempt to prevent any employee who i.s serv-
ing or liable to serve in the Cadets or Citi-
zen Forces, and no parent or Guardian shall
prevent any son or ward Avho is so serving or
liable to serve from rendering the perMm.il
service required . . providing tnat this

section .shall not lie con.strued to re<juire an
employei to pay an employee for anv time
when ho is absent from employment for tbe
purpose of training.

Penalty, one hundred poinids.

Had the Labour Government re-
mamed in power the last paragraph was
to have been altered, and the employer
was to pay the employee whilst he was

Review of Eei-iews, 1/9/13.

THE DEFENCE ACT.

6/9

drilled in working hours. The penal t}'
of .^loo is one which cannot be reduced.

REGISTRATION.

Paragraph 142 states that all male in-
habitants of Australia shall register
themselves or be registered by a parent
or guardian in the year in which they
reach the age of fourteen years.

In order to avoid the difficulties en-
countered by the Military Council owing
to the refusal of some parents to register
their sons, the section has just been
amended as follows: — ■

Registration under the Act, though inci-
dental to the training, is not made by the
Act a condition precedent to the obligations
in respect to training. Although section 142
of tho Act lays down the obligations of per-
sons in refipect of personal registration of
thost> liable to tr.ainin<^, tlie fact that a per-
son may refuse to register and then pay the
fine imposed for sucli refusal does not enable
him to escape the liability of rendering per-
fional service.

A further amendment is at the
moment of writing on the table of the
House, authorising area officers to regis-
ter any boy whether his parents or guar-
dians are willing or not. This regula-
tion will prevent prosecution for non-
registration, and will render the parent
liable to a fixed penalty of ^100 should
he later refuse to allow the boy to drill.

A DEFICIENCY OF 6o,000 (?)

It is difficult to ascertain exactly how
many boys between the ages of 14 and
18 should have registered themselves.
The actual number who have done so to
June 30th, 1913, is 182,484; of these
122,705 have been medically examined
and I II, 605 declared fit. Of these 90,005
are liable for training, and 87,011 are
actually being trained. A large propor-
tion of the 182,484 who have registered
reside outside the military areas, and
are, therefore, not yet being trained. A
careful study of Mr. Knibbs' invaluable
Year Book seems to show that the actual
number of youths between 14 and 18 in
Australia at the present moment is about

256,000, which would indicate the appa-
rent failure of some 60,000 boys to
register. This deficiency may be more
apparent than real, but obviously the
new regulations have been framed to en-
able those whose duty it is to administer
the Act to get all the boys "into the
net," to quote the phrase of one of the
most able and conscientious of them.

It is a curious fact that the registra-
tion this year falls below that of last b)-
2000, and below that of 191 1 by 8000.
If anything, the number of boys liable
should have been greater every year,
owing to a slow natural increase and the
steady streams of immigrants.

This cursory examination of the Act
shows that it has wide powers. How
great a domination it may give the
military authorities over the people of
Australia will only slowly become ap-
parent. It is interpreted by the regula-
tions and standing orders originally
framed for the control of the permanent
professional army. If discipline is to
be maintained the regulations must be
severe, and no one for a moment can
object to those who are responsible for
the working of the new army enforcing
them strongly. The professional and
voluntary officers and men who are
carrying out the provisions of the Act
are merely the servants of the people,
whose legislators framed the present
measure. When the full power of the
Act is understood, when compulsory ser-
vice begins to be felt by men instead of
by boys onh', the electors may modify
the Act, but until they do, it must remain
as the guide of those entrusted with the
formation of the citizen army. Some of
these do, it is true, rather overstep the
letter of the law in their zeal, but there
are not many who will advocate the pro-
posal of a gallant colonel, who suggests
that trainees should not be allowed to
vote until they are 26 ! He, at any rate,
does not seem to look forward to 19 16,
when some 80,000 compulsory drilled
youths will record their votes for the
first time.

68o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September I. 3 315.

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES OF THE

MONTH.

Some very epoch-making events took
place in September. It was Cromwell's
month, and on Cromwell's day, Septem-
ber 3rd, the great Protector fought the
Battle of Dunbar in 1650. He there
shattered the Scots under Leslie, but it
was not until the following year that he
finally crushed the Royalists in the
Battle of Worcester, the " crowning
mercy " which finally ended the Civil
War. On 20th August, 1658, George
Fox met him riding at the head of his
Guards through the great gate at Hamp-
ton Court. " He looked," said Fox,
" like a dead man." A fortnight later,
on September 3rd, he passed quietly
away. Although he had received no
military training, he became one of the
greatest commanders of the world, with
a military genius second to none. His
statesmanship laid the foundation ot
England's supremacy at sea, and her
dominant influence in European affairs.
He showed a spirit of justice, patriotism
and self-sacrifice which has never been
surpassed by any ruler of England.

His day of double victory nnd death
Beheld him win two r<>"aliiis, and, happier,
yield lii.s breatli.

Sebastopol was occupied by the
French and English on September 8th,
1855, after a siege of 11 months. This
practically closed the disastrous and mis-
managed Crimean War, in which Eng-
land and France fought Russia for the
sake of Turkey.

On September 9th, 15 13, the Earl of
Stanley totally defeated the Scots at
Flodden ; their King, James IV., was
slain, together with hundreds of nobles.
Sir Walter Scott has immortalised this
fight in his great poem, " Marmion."

' Charge, Chester, charge ! On, Stanley, on I'
Were the last words of ^larmioii.

Malplaquet, one of Marlborough's
four great victories, was fought on Sep-
tember iith, 1709. It proved to be his
last battle, and resulted in freeing Flan-
ders from the French.

The celebrated General Blurher,
"Marshal Forwarts," as his soldiers
called him, died on September 12th,
1 8 19. His timely arrival at Waterloo
secured the complete defeat of Napo-
leon.

The Black Prince gained a signal vic-
tory over the French at Poitiers on Sep-
tember 19th. 1356. The French King
John was captured, and sent to Eng-
land, where he died in 1364.

The victory of Busaco, September
27th, 18 10. enabled Wellington to reach
the lines of Torres Vedras safelv. Robert
CHve. the founder of the British rule
in India, was born on September 29th,
1725- He died, by his own hand, in
1774- The great fire which destroyed
London commenced on September 2nd,
1665. It raged for five days, and burnt
out the last remains of the Plague which,
during the previous year, had carried
off no less than 100,000 of the inhabi-
tants.

The Battle of Quebec-Death of General Wolfe-
September 13, 1759.

The taking of Quebec by James
AVolfe is undoubtedly one of the epics
of modern history. By his defeat of
Montcalm, the young English general
gave Canada to the Empire. With a
force of 1800 troops Wolfe succeeded

m scahng the cliffs and reaching the
Plams of Abraham behind the town.
The effort was in the nature of a forlorn
hope, after the British forces had l^een
severely repulsed elsewhere. Parkman,
m his " Montcalm and Wolfe." thus de-

Eeview of Rerieus, 110/13. NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES.

68i

scribes the final scene. Perhaps the
most remarkable action of Wolfe's was
his dying order to send troops down to
cut off the French retreat. Such an
order in i8th century fighting was rare
indeed.

" The order was given to charge. Then
over the field rose the British cheer,
mixed with the fierce yell of the High-
land slogan. The clansmen drew their
broadswords and dashed keen and swift
as bloodhounds. At the English right,
though the attacking column was broken
to pieces, a fire was still kept up, chiefly,
it seems, by sharpshooters from the
bushes and cornfields, where they had
lain for an hour or more. Here Wolfe
himself led the charge at the head of
the Louisberg Grenadiers. A shot shat-
tered his wrist. He wrapped his hand-
kerchief about it and kept on. Another
shot struck him, and he still advanced,
Mhen a third lodged in his breast. He

staggered, and sat on the ground. Lieu-
tenant Brown, of the Grenadiers, one
Henderson, a volunteer in the same com-
pany, and a private soldier, aided by
an officer of artillery, who ran to join
him, carried him in their arms to the
rear. He begged them to lay him down.
They did so, and asked him if he would
have a surgeon. ' There's no need,' he
answered ; ' it's all over with me.' A
moment after one of them cried out:
' They run ; see how they run ! ' ' Who
run?' Wolfe demanded, like a man
roused from sleep. ' The enem\-, sir.
Egad, they give way everywhere!'
' Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton,'
returned the dying man; 'tell him to
march Webb's regiment down to Charles
River, to cut off their retreat from the
bridge.' Then, turning on his side, he
murmured, ' Now God be praised, I will
die in peace!' And in a few moments
his gallant soul had fled."

The Relief of Lucknow, September 25, 1857.

The defence of the Residency at
I^ucknow holds one of the highest places
amongst the famous deeds of the British
race. Sir Henry Lawrence, one of the
most far-seeing of Indian Statesmen,
had in vain warned the Indian Govern-
ment as to the mutinous state of the
native army. Fortunately, before the
outbreak Sir Henry summoned from
their homes two bodies of pensioners,
one of sepo)'S and one of artiller)men ;
these, with a few Sikhs, formed the gar-
rison of the Residency. This, in all,
consisted of 1720 fighting men, includ-
ing 855 British officers and men. There
were 1280 non-combatants. Sir Henry
Lawrence was killed by a shell soon
after the siege started. General Inglis
then took command, and for nearly
three months succeeded in keeping 6000
trained soldiers and a vast rabble at
bay. Only 982 of the garrison were
left when Havelock, at the second at-
tempt, succeeded in forcing his way
through the besiegers, and reached the
Residencv His 2000 troops were in
turn besieged there, and it was not until

November 17th that the town v.-as finally
relieved by Sir Colin Campbell, who,
with 4500 men, cut his way through the
60,000 rebels who had invested the
place for five months. Wliittier, in the
following stirring lines, thus describes
the first relief of the Residency: —

Oh. they listened, looked, and waited,

Till their Jiopes became despair;
And the sobs of low bewailing

Filled the pauses of their prayer.
Then up spake a Scottish maiden.

With her ear unto the gronnd :
Dinna ye hear it? — dinna ye hear it?

The pipes of Havelock sound !

Oh, they listened dumb and breathless.

And they caught the sound at last : ;
Faint and far beyond the Gomtee '

Rose and fell the pipers' blast!
Then a burst of wild thanksgiving

Mingled woman's voice and man's :
" God be prai.sed, the march of Havelock !

The piping of the clans !"

Louder, nearer, fierce as vengeance.

Sharp and .shrill as swords at strife, .
Came the wild MacGregors' clan-call, ;

Stinging all the air to life.
But when the far-off dust-cloud

To plaided legions grew.
Full tenderly and blithsomely

The pipes of rescue blew!

682

Revictc of Reiieu-g, 119/13.

PICTURES BY AUSTRALIAN ARTISTS.

THE WORK OF HERBERT S. POWERS.

THE STAG HUNT— EXMOOR.
Exhibited at the Roj-al Academy, 1911.

iCopyrioht rc-cncd.

THE UPLANDS.

Hevicv of R(

1/0/li

PI err RES BY ALSTRALl.W ARTISTS.

683

1^

YOUNG ENGLAND.

Herbert S. Powers heid a most success-
ful exhibition of his yiictures in ■Mel-
bourne. He is par exccUcnce an animal
painter, and contrives to make his horses
and dogs live on the can\-as, whether
the execution be in oil or water coimn-.
He makes a practice of doing l)i)lli,
holding that an artist receixes great as

sislance in the one b\- die demands of
the other. Mr. Powers began painting
without an\' previous technical instruc-
tion, setting down on canvas what he
saw in the bush. His studies, when he
was ciuali tx'ing \ox a veterinar\- sur-
geon, ha\e no doubt stood hini in good
stead ill his artistic caree/, ami i)roI>abl\'

684

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

his pictures owe much of their accuracy
to his special knowledge of the anatomy
of beasts.

Through the kindness of an early
patron he was able to devote some years
to improving himself in his art without
having to trouble his head about the
financial problem. Later he went to
Paris, where he gained knowledge of
technique, and thence to London, where

he now has a studio. Most of his best
pictures were done in the stag-hunting
districts of Exmoor, or amongst the
kennels of the Midlands. Mr. Powers
has had many pictures " hung " at home,
and several have been acquired for gal-
leries here. He is at present engaged in
painting the Governor-General's chil-
dren.

OPERA, CONCERT AND STAGE.

Sydney and Melbourne have had an
opportunity of hearing an operatic
singer of the highest genius in Mme.
Nordica. An opportunity, though,
which great numbers of people missed.
The concert platform is cold and diffi-
cult after the operatic stage. Songs
which in their appropriate setting make
an immense impression too often fall
flat and lifeless when heard isolated, so
to speak, from the rostrum of a public
hall. Mme. Nordica's triumph was all
the greater, for she was able, by her
wonderful art, to convey the pulsating
atmosphere of opera on to the concert
platform. Her magnificent rendering of
the Battle-cry of Brunnhilde, and the
way in which she swept the listeners out
of themselves with the " Erl King," will
long be remembered.

Not only was Madame herself in good
voice, those who supported her all
reached a high level of excellence. Mr.
Default has been in Australia before,
and his clear tenor voice has lost none
of its charm during his absence ; his
beautiful French enunciation was a treat
to listen to. Mr. Ramayne Simmonds
easily proved his claim to be one of the
greatest accompanists in the world. The
orchestral effect he produced on the
piano in some of the Wagner pieces was
almost startling. Mr. Holding showed
himself a violinist of high technique
and sentimentality.

THE QUINLAN COMPANY.
The Ouinlan Opera Company has been
received by Melbourne with open arms.
This great success is remarkable in view
of the fact that with one notable excep-
tion none of the artistes have achieved

any great distinction in Grand Opera at
home or in Europe. There is, however,
a high level of excellence amongst them
which gives a pleasingl)', if not bril-
liant, rendering of Wagner, Puccini,
Offenbach and Gounod. The orchestra,
under the guidance of Sig. \'oghera,
has done excellently, and even in the
Wagner operas, though lacking in in-
struments, led by Herr Eckhold it
has rendered a splendid account of
itself. Though hampered by the Eng-
lish rendering, the "Ring" was finely
given. Wagner's marvellous music is
a revelation to those who hear it for the
first time. We reproduce on the oppo-
site page one of a great series of draw-
ings which appeared in the Illustrated
London News whilst the "Ring" was
being given in London, Melba, Caruso,
M'Cormack, and other operatic stars tak-
ing part.

Miss Felice Lyne maintained her great
reputation. She has not the figure for
a Wagnerian character — in these notes
last month we inadvertently stated she
had taken such parts — but in " La
Tosca," " Tales of Hoffmann," and other
lighter operas, she repeated the trunnph
she achieved in London. Her voice has
a great compass, is wonderfully clear,
almost metallic.

The compan)- visits S)dney in Sep-
tember, but will appear nowhere else in
Australia, departing by steamer direct to
Vancouver. Such a number of artistes,
and such tons of properties, are not
mobile, and the less travelling they have
to do the better. The luggage, which
weighs in all some 300 tons, is contained
in no less than 800 packages! The

Beview of Reviews, 1I9I1S. OPERA, CONCERT AND STAGE.

685

BRUNNHII.DH AND WOTAX.
FiDiii " Die Walluire." First of tlie Kiiii; Trilogy.

[Dnnrii I, it (i. V. W il iin'l, ii r^t . for tlif ■■ lUii^trntcd Lo7tdon News."

686

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septeviher 1, 1913.

orchestra consists of 75 members, the
artistes number 100.

COSTLY FORGETFULNESS.
An extraordinary omission marred the
opening of Mdlle. Genee's season in
Adelaide. By some unexplained over-
sisfht the entire musical score was left
behind at Her Majesty's Theatre in Mel-
bourne, and was only missed during the
afternoon of the day the first perform-
ance was to be given. The crowd waited
jTatiently for admission whilst a frantic
search was made through trunks and
properties. It was not until the doors
should have opened that the waiting
crowds were informed of the mishap.
The resultant loss is variously estimated
at from ;^200 to ;^400. It is interesting
to learn that almost all the " Russian "
dancers come from Bohemia ! Whilst
Genee, Voloven and Halina Schmolz
are charming Australian audiences, Pav-

lova and Nijinsky, and other Russian
dancers, are creating quite a furore in
London. X. Xijinsky has, indeed, for-
saken all the conventional methods, and
branched out into an entirely new line
of his own, returnmg to what may be
called the primitive st)-le.

Fred. Xiblo returned to Melbourne
with " The Fortune Plunter," which is
drawing crowded houses. This play
gives the versatile actor more scope than
" Get-Rich-Ouick Wallingford." which
also had a most successful run.

Melbourne will shortl\- welcome Lewis
Waller and his compan\'. Sydne\- has
been badly hit owing to the small-pox
epidemic, and nowhere is this more felt
than in places of amusement. The great
actor has been unfortunate in opening
his first season in Australia in such un-
fortunate circumstances. In spite of
this, though, he has been charming re-
spectable houses.

t7"o/)ir<7/.

Melbourne recently had a " Wattle Day." raising over £2000 for the hospitals. The
above picture depicts a scene in London on Alexandra Day. when all society ladies and
the stage favourites vied with each other in selling roses for Queen Alexandra's Hospi-
tal Fund.

Review of lirrieirs, 1/9113.

587

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

XIII.-^THE GREATER MELBOURNE MOVEMENT.

WHAT IT MEANS.

By LEONARD VIVIAN BIGGS.

Melbourne who \m\e for a quarter of

What does the Greater
Movement mean? Notwithstanding all
that has been written on the subject with-
in the past iifteen or sixteen years, it is
very doubtful whether the average man
or the real or mythical " man m the
street " in Victoria would be able to give
a really intelligent answer to the ques-
tion. He would know more about pre-
ference to unionists or the Marconi
" scandals." To some few it would
mean a movement m the direction of
amalgamating all the 2^ or 24 munici-
pal councils of the metropolis of this
State into one magnificent municipal
unification, a sort of Greater Birming-
ham or Greater Glasgow translated to
Australia, possessing one Greater Mel-
bourne Council, controlling the minu-
tiae of local government, as well as the
big utilities of an area of roughly 254
square miles. To a few more who might
be in touch with the " old city " — i.e., the
City of Melbourne area — it might mean
the gradual absorption by the old city,
piece by piece, of suburbia, and a con-
tinuance of a policy of absorption
begun about a decade ago by the an-
nexation of North Melbourne, Fleming-
ton and Kensington. But to the majority
of the half-a-million people who live in
the Greater Melbourne province, the
movement connotes a very uninteresting,
technical something — dimly related to
the tramways problems, and certainl)'
having little to do with the ideal side of

life or the finer aspirations of modern bourne Movement aims at accomplish
society. They are not particularly

laxe I or a quarter ot a cen-
tury been " running " this capital city
are very much alarmed, and are calling
upon the Country Party and the Legis-
lative Council to "do something,"
merel\- amuses them. The additional
fact that the Labour Party is trying to
" go one better " than the Liberal Gov-
ernment by submitting a somewhat crude
unification scheme, into which a won-
drous programme of experimental
Socialism has been dovetailed, has not
greatly disturbed the man in the street,
for never down to the ]:)resent }-ear has
he been induced to take municipal
politics seriousl}-. It is to him an
affair of local tradesmen, land agents,
and a few^ aspiring accountants and
solicitors, who, somewhat unfairl)-, are
supposed to use it as a stepping
stone to other, if not higher, things.
There being no battle with any huge or
shocking system of Tammany "graft,"
or bribery to stir the imagination, and
to rail}- the moral forces of the com-
munity to the reformers' side, apath}'
])revails ever\where outside certain nar-
row munici]_ial circles, and the columns
of the Age and Arg.'/s devoted to the
discussion of tne contents of the Govern-
ment measure. The " ~th}- cannot,
howexer, last bc)'ond th: iduction of

Mr. \\'att's Bill. Then t j the man in

the street will have to take sides. lie

nia\' as well, therefore, tr\- to obtain a.

rip of what it is that the Greater Mel-

in<

anxious, taken in the mass, to get at the
heart of a cause associated more or less
in their minds with tiresome details of
local government law, and the fight
with parochial interests. The fact
that the State Premier is intro-
ducing a Greater Melbourne Bill this
month, and that certain gentlemen

There is abundant room for legitimate
differences of opinion as the details of
anv plan for reforming metroi)olitan
local govern men t, and as to the rate at
which an\' new machinery should use
its |iowers ; but as to the main objective
of the Greater Melbourne movement
there is no r(M)m tor controversx'

688

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September l, I91i

amongst those who stand at its back —
controversy must be left to those an-
tagonistic forces which are now hur-
riedly assembling to block and side-
track, if they cannot destroy, the Gov-
ernment Bill. That main objective may
be expressed thus : —

The creation of a directly elected Greater
■Melbourne Council, with power to control in
the interests of all the people of the metro-
polis, without distinction of wealth or posi-
tion, all municipal work of a really metro-
politan character, and the management of
public utility services.

The attainment of this objective in-
volves great changes in existing insti-
tutions and methods of local govern-
ment. It carries with it the abolition of
the following bodies, and the transfer to
the new body of all their powers : — -

1. The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board

of Works.

2. The Metropolitan Fire Brigades' Board.

3. The Melbourne Tramway Trust, the

Prahran and Malvern Tramway Trust,
and all other tramway authorities.

4. The Metropolitan Parks and Gardeus

Committee, and the Foreshore Trusts,
o. The various Cemetery Trusts.

6. The Hackney Carriage Licensing Com-

mittee.

7. The Weights and Measures Unions.

8. The Gas Conference.

Ihe transfer may be gradual, and
spread over a course of years, but it
must eventually be complete if the ob-
jective of the movement is to be firmly
secured. Behind that objective stands
the belief that the highest interests of
modern civilisation in great urban
centres are served more efficiently b}^
one popularly elected and strong met-
ropolitan council than by a series of
delegate trusts and boards who are
out of touch with the people ex-
cept through their members being com-
ponent parts of local councils. Behind
it, too, stands the strong belief that —

Tlie time lias come when Metropolitan Gov-
ernmenir of Victoria should be lifted on to a
higher plane, and made so attractive as to
draw to its service the cream of the construc-
tive intellect of the metropolis.

So long as a number of semi-secret
trusts and boards split up among them-
selves metropolitan powers, so long must
the civic life of Greater Melbourne be
the patchwork, inefficient and stunted
organism that it is at the present
time, without dignitx', unity or any

means of giving corporate expression
to the throbbing aspirations of the best
elements in the community. London
has few characteristics in common with
this young city under the Common-
wealth flag, but the Empire City will
serve to illustrate this point. Prior to
the creation of the London Count)'
Council in 1889, she was without a
voice or unity in the civic arena. She
still lacks much that is necessary to per-
fect her unity and secure an overdue
and necessary simplification of local
government machiner)'. But she has,
through the London County Council,
a great engine of civic righteousness and
humanitarian and eminently practical
administration for the public good.
which, in less than twent\-iive \'ears. has
transformed the Imperial metropolis. In
due proportion to her size, Greater Mel-
bourne should have a council to do for
her the great work in relation to tram-
ways, public improvements, slum clear-
ance, housing reform. ]3arks equipment
and extension, fire brigades organisa-
tion, etc., performed by the L.C.C. She
needs a body powerful enough to ad-
minister and control, at least, the fol-
lowing matters and services :

1.
2.

3'.
4.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Water Supply.

Sewerage.

Fire Brigade.s.

Markets and Abaiu>ir>.

Rivers and Streams Purification and

Beautification.
Weights and Measures.
Cemeteries and Crematoria.
Tramways.
Electricity Supply.
Gas Supply.
Buildinj; Kegulations.
Town Planning.

Public Impiavements of a Metropolis.
Pure Foods and Health .\dininistration.
Licensing of Public Conv.iriiK'os.
Noxious Trades Control.

With powers extending over such a
field of usefulness as is embraced by
these services, the Greater Melbourne
Council should appeal to the imagina-
tion of the community in such a fashion
as to cause it to dedicate of its ver\- best
to the membership of the new authority.
Provided the franchise be a popular
one, viz., based on ' one ratepayer, one
vote,' and all the members of the new
authority retire simultaneously at a gen-
eral election, there will be no danger of

Septcmher 1, 1913.

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

689

the Greater Melbourne Council being
out of touch with public opinion.

Nobody can say that the modern
Greater Melbourne Movement has been
hurried. It dates back to about iSq6,
when a demand was made for an im-
practicable Unification. Within two
years it was realised that the ]iurely
local coimcils, if grouped into natural
amalgamations, will always have cer-
tain work to do concerning local street
lighting, road cleaning, re]")air and con-
struction, storm water drainage, small
gardens and playgrounds, pitching
rights-of-way, local libraries, etc. So,
by 1898, the movement began to cry-
stallise in favour of a kind of L.C.C.
for Melbourne. In that year the Age
began its able, powerful and sustained
advocacy of the great reform. In
November, 1898, the first of a long
series of conferences was held. Then
came the adoption of the movement
by the A.N. A. Metropolitan Com-
mittee. Next there was the incon-
clusive Royal Commission of 1900-1,
only one of whose members, Air. P. J.
O'Connor, had the courage to support
a Liberal scheme. Before this Commis-
sion, the late Mr. Thvvaites submitted a
detailed scheme for a council of 100
members with electorates based on both
population and valuation, at the same
time grouping the existing municipali-
ties into ten local councils. The advent
of Federation, and a crop of fresh
issues, swung public attention in new-
directions for a few years, but the move-
ment grew steadily, through the work of
the A.N. A., various progress associations,
and — most pressing force of all — the de-
mands of the suburbs for tramway ex-
tensions, which, in view of the expira-
tion of its lease in 191 6, the tramway
comp<iny refused. In 1907 there was
another Royal Commission, but without
any metropolitan reforms resulting. In
1 910 the pressure of the tramways prob-
lem began to be so great that both the
State Government, and the municipali-
ties felt that the whole question must
be faced. The more conservative ele-
ments in the community drafted a Met-
ropolitan Tramway Trust Bill in 191 i,
and sought to get the tramway issue dis-
posed of by a perpetuation of the dele-

gate board system. In this year, how-
ever, the Liberal Ministry, under the en-
lightened leadership of Mr. Watt, took
the step which ought to have been taken
by some government twenty years be-
fore— accepted the federal principle,
and pledged itself to introduce a mea-
sure before the end of the present par-
liament to give civic Home Rule to the
metropolis. The same year a municipal
conference was convened by the Essen-
don Council, to devise a plan for a
metrojjolitan municipal authority, to
deal with utility services, for submission
to the Government. On May 2. 19 12,
this conference completed its work, and
transmitted to the Premier a report of
a Liberal character, to which was ap-
pended an antagonistic memorandum
from the town clerk of the old city.
The Labour Party has had a Greater
Melbourne programme for ten years,
and has revised it in a number of dras-
tic directions within the past twelve
months. Many reformers favour the
drafting of a constitution for the
Greater Melbourne Council, by a Con-
vention, but the W^Ttt Ministry prefers
to take responsibility for a concrete
plan, and with this decision many are
quite content.

W^-iting, with some little experience of
public life on both sides of the water, I
am convinced that Greater Melbourne
will never be able to guard herself from
the evils of other lands, and develop her
corporate life along wholesome and en-
nobling channels, unless she be armed
with such a Council as I have very
briefly discussed in this article. The
fear that it will be swamped by the ex-
tremist elements in the metropolis, be-
cause of the adoption of a popular
franchise, is not borne out b}- the ex-
perience of the United Kingdom, or
any other British dominion. The fear
that it will assume control of sources
of revenue without compensation to
supplanted authorities or vested inter-
ests is an insulting reflection upon Par-
liament and people, which nothing that
has happened in Australia justifies.

The key to a hundred social reforms
in .Melbourne is a Greater i\Ielbourne
Council, broad-based upon the people's
will.

693

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

XIV.-A UNIFORM GAUGE FOR AUSTRALIA.

The report of the Uniform Gauge
Conference, held at Melbourne in De-
cember, 19 1 2, and in April of this year,
has been severely criticised both here
and at home. Nowhere have its findings
been so pulled to pieces, its estimates
been so questioned, and its shortcom-
ings been so clearly shown as in En-
gineering, London.

This journal is always authoritative in
railway matters, and the lucid, well-
argued article it publishes on the report
is bound to have great weight. It has
already been much commented on. The
writer points out that a conference con-
stituted as this one was would hardK'
bring in an unbiassed report. " The mem-
bers comprising it were civil engineers,
responsible for the permanent way and
structure of the railways, but they were
also Government servants, and each one,
out of loyalty to his Government, could
scarcely fail to lean slightly to his Gov-
ernment's views. To be finally settled,
the question must be lifted high out of
the reach of all such matters. The de-
cision must come from a commission
with a much wider purview. It should
embrace, or it should at least be in a
position to get evidence from, experts in
the railway management of the long dis-
tance and heavy lines of the United
States, and of the broad-gauge lines in
such countries as India and the Argen-
tine, and perhaps also of the narrow-
gauge system of South Africa, in order
that it might be realised to what degree
economic development is possible. From
such a commission there might be ex-
pected a broad and comprehensive judg-
ment."

The report dismisses the whole ques-
tion of gauge, from operating and
economic standpoints, in a quarter of a
page. Those responsible for it merely
say that the only two gauges discussed
were the 5 ft. 3 in. and the 4 ft. 8 in.,
without giving their reasons for elimi-
nating all the other gauges. More sur-
prising still is the fact that no mention
is made of the "loading gauge " (the
permissible height and width of the roll-
ing-stock.) This, says Engineering, is

simply extraordinary, since Mr. Deane,
the chairman, has always championed
the 4 ft. 8i in. gauge, on the ground
that it sufficed in America. In America
the loading gauge is not nearly so
limited as in Australia, and, there-
fore, if it is decided to make a 4 ft.
8.7 in. gauge standard, the onl\' conclu-
sion one can come to is that it will never
be necessar)- to work even the 4 ft. 81, in.
gauge to its full capacity in Australia.

Yet " even now New South Wales is
being forced to undertake extensive
duplication, and it would be a distinct
advantage to bring the loading gauge up
to the American standard, so as to have
something in reserve for the future. It
would cost ver)- little more to go the
whole length and adopt the 5 ft. 3 in.
gauge, with a liberal loading gauge,
and so have done with it. The wide
gauge is advocated on the grounds that
the ph}'sical conditions of Australia
' make for ' long haul, with definitely
marked periodic flow in certam direc-
tions, and that traffic of this nature is
most economically handled in maximum
train loads."

" There is no question in the minds of
designers of rolling-stock as to which
is preferable. Opinion in countries
where the standard gauge has reached
the limits of develoj^ment is one of re-
gret that the day has passed when the
adoption of a wider gauge might have
been feasible. Those countries m which
conditions of long haul obtain, but
which early adopted a wider gauge, can
look forward, in confidence, to economic
oj^eration for long years to come. Only
in Australia is a miserable present al-
lowed to carry more weight than the
nation's future."

The figures of the cost of conversion
given in the report certainly require con-
siderable explanation. To convert all
lines (5 ft. 3 in. and 3 ft. 6 in.) to
4 ft. 8i in. gauge, is estimated to cost
iJ"37, 1 46,000. To convert all lines (4 ft.
8} in. and 3 ft. 6 in.) to 5 ft. 3 in.
gauge, ;{!^ 5 1,659,000. The itemised costs
are thus set forth : —

'''''''" 0/ 7?../..., ,/./;,. TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

CONVERSIONFROM 3fT. 6 IN. AND OFT. 3,N. TO 4 FT. 8ilN. GaUGE.

691

Item.

Track Mileage.

N.S.W^ Victoria. Q'land. .S. Aust. W. Aust.

o,.'ioO

C wealth .

100

5,148

1 . Alteration to Perma-
nent Way

2 Alteration" to Struc-
tures

3. E X pe nd i tare on

Transfer Yards and
Transhipment of
goods durinij; al-
terations ...

4. Oonver.sion of exist-

ing and provi.sion
of new Rolling
Stock

Total

2,021

4,225

645

£

i-2n,fK)()

£ £ £ £ £

l,7-21.(l(>;) 7.!)I8.()()() 2.f)74,(Kl() 9,()50,0U0 1.120,000

14;{.()(l<l l.(f2().()(H) 432.0(X) .-)44,0!J0 —

1.705.000 3()f).000 l.()05,(K)0 241.000 —

2,548,000 3,340,000 2,117.000 1,005,(XX) 101.000

120,000 6,117,000 12.578,(K}0 6.228,000 10.840,000 1,281,000

Conversion from 3 ft. 6 in. and 4 ft. SJ in. to 5 ft. 3 in. Gauge.

Ite.

■m.

Track Mileage.

-V.S.W. Victoria. Q'land. S. Au.st. W. Aust. C'rtealth.

1.111

6,099

5,148

5,. 3.50

4.225

645

1. Alterations to Per-

manent Way

2. Alteratioms to Struc-

tures

3. E X p e n d i ture on

Transfer Yards and
Tran.shipment oif
goods during al-
terations

4. Conversion of exist-

ing and provision
of new Rolling

Stock ■;

9. ().")(), 000
72 7, 0: HI

2,904,000

6.632,000

£ £ £ £

8.84().0;iO 2.402.00:) 8.728.000 1 .31().(M)0

1.0()8.0(MI 2()4.O00

3(K).0(>:)

370, (KK)

158.000

242. (fOO —

3,817.000 2,134,0(X) 1,130,000 171,000

Total 19,319,000

14,025,000 5,170,000 11.658,000 1,487,000

Cerlain remarkable facls appear on
analysis of these figures. The estimate
for converting" the railways of New
South W'alos from 4 ft. 8.^ in. to 5 ft.
3 in. is based upon the alteration of
6099 miles of track ; although, accord-
ing to t'le last report, these railways
only had 45 10 miles of track and 3831
miles of line. The cost of conversion
would thus be about ^^^5043 per route
mile, or, taking the larger figure of
6099, about £ji/0 per mile of track. Of
the 19 millions, over 9 millions is allo-
cated to conversion of permanent way,
or an allowance of ^^1500 per track mile.
Many miles of line have been con-
structed, with all appliances and build-
ings, for ^,3500 per route mile, so that
the figure appears high. It is only about
;£'ioo less per track mile than is allowed
for the conversion of the 3 ft. 6 in. lines
of Queensland to 5 ft. 3 in.

The total estimate for converting:
9576 miles of the 3 ft. 6 in. gauge in
Queensland and West Australia to 5 ft.
3 in. is i^2S,683,coo, of converting 3477
fewer miles of the 4 ft. 8.1 in. gauge in
New South Wales is ^^19,3 19,000, a dif-
ference of only ^,"6,364,000, although in
the case of the narrow gauge, neither
sleeiiers nor metals can be used, whereas
l)oth can be utilised when the 4 ft. 8.'.
in. IS converted.

In 1897 a commission reported on the
cost of conversion. Its estimate for
alteruig the lines in New South Wales
to 5 ft. 3 in. was ^,4,260.000. It is true
that great de\elopment has taken place
sini'e then. The total amount spent in
railwa\' conslructiiui in the mother
.Stale during the last eighteen years
was i, 15,781,000. riie extraordinar\-
thing, though, is that the present esti-
mate for con\ersion exceeds thai made

6g:

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

bcptembcr I, IJIS.

in 1897 by an amount (^15,059,000)
which is only £^22,00^ less than the
total sum spent on the railways during
the years that have elapsed !

The total cost of railway construc-
tion in New South Wales is only
;;^ 5 3, 5 00,000. But to convert to the
wider gauge is to cost more that a third
of the total outlay, although rails,
sleepers, embankments, bridges, stations,
culverts and rolling stock do not have
to be paid for ! The cost of construc-
tion now is much less than it used to be,
which makes these figures all the more
extraordinary.

In 1897 the estimated cost of con-
verting the railways in New South
Wales to 5 ft. 3 in. was £\2y^ per mile
of track, now it is ^^3170. In 1897 the
estimated cost of converting the Vic-
torian 5 ft. 3 in, gauge to 4 ft. 8| in. was
£6^6 per mile of track, now it is ;^i,i8o.
Had the figures of 1897 still stood good
proportionately the cost of conversion
would now be : New South Wales,
;£"7,782,324, and Victoria, ;^3,487,120 re-
spectively. In the present report con-
version in Victoria is estimated to cost
i^6,i 17,000, almost a million pounds
more than twice what it would have
done on the old basis, but the present
estimated cost of conversion in New
South Wales, ;^i 9,3 19,000, is four mil-
lion pounds more than twice what it
would have been on the old basis.

One ma\- well ask why this extraordi-
nary discrepancy. It certainly gives the
strongest ground for the suggestion
made in many quarters that the figures
for New South Wales, to quote En-
gineering, are inflated, so that if the
State were forced to convert to the 5 ft.
3 in. gauge the indemnity which might
come to assist it in the work would
cover large renewals instead of a simple
conversion. It is well known that exten-
sive and costly renewals are long over-
due on the New South Wales railways.

It is of the very highest importance to
Australia that the best gauge is selected.
The one which will ultimately prove of
the greatest service. In this matter pre-
sent expediency should give way to
future usefulness. A mistake now
might seriously cramp the whole trade

of the Commonwealth some generations
hence. In America, despite a far more
liberal loading gauge than obtains here,
it is generally admitted that it would
have been much better to have had a
wider gauge laid down. Let us not, with-
out the gravest enquiry-, permit ourselves
to be committed to a policy, those who
come after us would bitterly regret.
One argument used in favour of the

4 ft. 8i in. gauge is that rolling-stock
can be obtained for it at short notice
from England or America, whereas the

5 ft. 3 in. ty}5e must be speciall)- ordered.
The whole policy of Australian States-
manship is to produce all the rolling-
stock required for Australian raiKva)s
in Australia. We cannot export, as we
would be hopelessly beaten in price in
the open market, but we can produce for
ourselves, and it makes no difference
whether in that case the gauge is 4 ft.
8^ in. or 5 ft. 3 in. The suggested sud-
den demand for increased rolling-stock
is in case of war, but that is surely an
absurd position to take up. To get in
supplies from home or elsewhere we must
have command of the sea, and if we
have command of the sea no invading
army could hope to succeed. If we lose
conmiand of the sea we cannot imjiort
rolling-stock, but our foe could do so.
In that case the fact that he would not
be able to obtain immediate supplies of
rolling-stock to fit a gauge of 5 ft. 3 in.
would seem to indicate that from a stra-
tegic point of view the wider gauge was
advisable.

The new Interstate Commission will
probably have to decide finally in the
matter. It has no technical knowledge,
however, so it would seem to be imj:)era-
tive that a commission of special enquiry
should be appointed at once, in order
10 get the facts the interstate body
would need. This commission should
be entirely impartial, its members unin-
fluenced by State prejudices or local
politics, and amongst them should be
those who are familiar with the working
of railroads outside Australia.

The Interstate Commissioners could
not possibly arrive at a decision on such
an unsatisfactory report as that pro-
duced bv the recent conference.

licficu- of Renews, 1/9/13.

693

The Undying Story of Captain Scott.

FROM HIS DIARIES.

Everybody's contains the second in-
stalment of Captain Scott's diary, deal-
ing with the work of his expedition up
to the point where the start for the fatal
journey to the South Pole was made.
He tells of the life the men led, and of
the work they did. " Never," he says,
" has a party combined so much intel-
lectual power with physical fitness, and
the result was apparent in the high level
of mutual appreciation, of intelligent
co-operation and wise enthusiasm."
Scott pays a high tribute to Wilson's
patient and thorough work, to his con-
stant help to others' efforts, and his
sound judgment to which one and all
appealed on matters little or great."
There appears to have been extraordi-
nary cordiality between all the members
-of the party. " No friction at all," com-
ments Captain Scott. Research work
was carried out continuously, and the
large scientific interests gave a solid
justification for the expedition.

Even lectures were given three times
a week, and with so many experts in the
most varied branches of pure science,
and the practical arts of travel, there
was no la^k of material. There was an
•enthusiastic desire shown to acquire
knowledge.

Those who were to take part in the ex-
peditions perfected themselves in sur-
veying, marching, etc. Telephones were
■established between the hut, the ice hole
three-quarters of a mile away, and the
isolated chamber where the magnetic
instruments were at work.

BOWERS' UNTIRING ENERGY.
The most remarkable feat chronicled
Avas the expedition of Wilson, Bowers
and Cherry-Garrard to the Emperor
penguin rooKery at Cape Crozier, sepa-
rated from the Winter Quarters by all
the bulk of Mounts Erebus and Terror.
The three returned after a midwinter
journey of five weeks, looking incredibly

weather-worn, chiefly from lack of sleep.
They had unparalleled experiences.
Bowers came through best. " I believe,"

writes Scott,

he i.s tho hardest traveller that over under-
took Polnr journey, as well a.s one of the
most undaunted. More hy hint than direct
statcMueiit I gather his value to the party,
his untiring energy and the a.stonishing
physique which enables him to continue to
work under conditions which are alisolutely
paralysing to others.

A GALLANT EFFORT.
Wilson was disappointed at finding
so few penguins when he finally reached
his goal, but ever\one who reads
the story of the five weeks' fight
against immense odds will agree with
Scott in describing it as one of the most
gallant episodes in Polar History. On
the outward journe)' they encountered
wild weather ; cold never before experi-
enced by civilised beings, with only a
tent of tliin canvas to rely on for shelter.
Amundsen encountered equal tempera-
tures, but he was away from his ship for
five days only, and had an igloo built
him nightly by the Eskimos. W^ilson
and his companions were awa_\- for five
weeks.

WIkui they stai'tinl home a hlizzard
fell on them, holding them prisoners for
two days. By this time the miserable con-
dition of tlieir effects was beyond descrip-
tion. The sleeping-bags were f.-'.r too stiff to
lif^ rolled up — in fact, they were so hard-
ir-o'/jon that attemjits to biMid them actu;illy
sjjlit the skins; the eider-<lown bags inside
\Vilson's and Cherry-CJarrard's reinde<>r
covers serwd but fitfully to stop the gajis
made by such rents. All socks, finnesko,
and jnitts had long been coated with ice;
placed in breast pockets or inside vests at
(light. th(\v did not even show signs of thaw-
ing, much h'.ss of drying. Tt sometimes took
Cherry-Garrard three-quarters of an hour to
get into his sleei)iiig-bag, so Hat did it
freeze and so difficult was it to open.

A general acclimatisation took place,
but the power of endurance varied
greatly in individuals. Bowers and
Wilson were peculiarly tolerant of cold,
and excited the mingled admiration and

694

REVIEW OF REVIEV^S.

September 1. VJIS.

frank envy of their companions when
they sallied forth in light headgear
when everyone else required muffling up.
OFF TO THE POLE.
The two motors were sent off first,
towing sledges. Alas ! one after an-
other they broke down. Evidently the
engines were not suitable for working in
Polar regions. One thing, however, was
proved, the system of propulsion was
altogether satisfactory. Scott thus de-
scribes the work of the ponies.

" The little devil Clirist-oplior was har-
nessed with the usual difficulty and started
in kicking mood, Gates holding on for all
lie was worth. Bones ambled off gently with
Crean, and I led Snippets in hi.s wake. Ten
minutes after, Evans and Snatcher pa.ssed
at the usual full speed."

Indeed, "Snatcher soon led the party and
covered the distance in four hours. Bones

and Christopher arrived almost equally
fresh : in fact, the later had been bucking
and kicking the whole way^or the present
there is no end to his devilment, and the
great consideration is how to safeguard
Oat-es."

A SWELTERING DAY.

The ponies " hate the wind." At halts
shelter walls had to be built for them.
Scott describes a " sweltering " day, the
air breathless, the glare intense, the tem-
perature time, 22 deg. ! " One's mind
seeks comparison in hot, sunlit streets
and scorching pavements, yet six hours
ago ni)- thumb was frostbitten."

The next instalment, which will ap-
pear in Everybody s and the Strand,
tells of the journey South until Captain
Evans turns back, leaving Scott. Wilson,
Oates. Bowers and Evans to march to
the Pole -and death.

CHINA'S 30,000,000 SOLDIERS.

Mr. Shaw Desmond calmh' talks in
the London Magazine of a little army
of 30,000,000 Chinamen which will en-
able the yellow races to dominate the
world by sheer numbers ! Now China
is supposed to have a population of
450,000,000, so to fulfil Mr. Desmond's
dream, one out of ever)' 15 inhabitants
of the Celestial Republic would have to
be a soldier. Germany, with a popula-
tion of 65,000,000, has a possible war
establishment of 3,800,000 men ; in
peace keeps under arms 688,000 soldiers.
Only one in every 17 in the greatest
military power of the world is thus liable
to serve as a soldier. It is, however, on
the financial side that the utter im-
possibility of equipping and training
30,000,000 men becomes apparent. Ger-
many's annual war bill is ^^^43, 000,000,
which provides for an army of less than
three-quarters of a million. Supposing,
though, that this sum were all that was
required for the 3,800,000 war establish-
ment, China, on the same basis, would
have to provide the nice little sum of
iJ'3 40,000,000 annually ! With great
dif^culty she has recently raised a loan
of i^20,ooo,ooo at a ruinous rate of in-
terest !

China, Mr. Desmond insists, is waking
up in all directions. This may be true,
but obviously the internal dissensions

which are now rending the land m twain
will stop the waking up process for
many years to come. Still, according to
Mr. Desmond, she means to wage an
industrial war with the powers of Chris-
tendom. With this object, he says, she
is opening mills of all descriptions, and
is exploiting her mineral wealth, hitherto
left untouched owing to superstition.
She is organising her education and her
army on modern lines. All of which
leads up to the expulsion of the Powers,
which will be followed by a demand for
admittance to Europe, Australia, and the
United States.

There will he no question of a yellow horde
sweeping across F.urope. which to-day could
be easilv met. but insidious advance, cease-
less a\\<\ insistent. " ith the armed Yellow
Man behind it.

The European Powers and the U.S.A. will
be ])owerless to enforce anti-Yellow enact-
ments within a generation or two, because a
Cliin(>se army of .Sl).0(MJ.(H;O. properly
equipped, would dominate the world by sheer
numbers.

Where Chinamen settle they stay, and

will oust all others by their cheap

labour : —

The only way to jirevent such a death
struggle of the White and Yellow races is
by the withdrawal of the Powers from China
and consequent abandonment of " the lireak-
ing-up of China " idea, with the institutioji
of free intercourse upon a basis of racial
equality between tlie two races, subject to
marriage restrictions, in which the Yellow

Bevieiv of P.erieu-f, 1/9/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

^95

Powers would pro1ial)Iy gladly co-oporatc.
But even then there stands in' tlie way tlio
absolute necessity foj- th(> Ytdlow races to
find an outlet for their t(>einiiig millions,
which must mean a terrible depression in the
standard of life of the White Man.

Mr. Desmond has, fortunately, dis-
covered a way out of the threatened
danger, namel}', that the Yellow Man
should develop a magnificent altruism !
He certamly will not do this unless he
IS clearly shown the reason for it, and
the advantages which would come to
him. Perhaps Mr. Desmond might ac-
cept the post of pioneer missionary to

preach the gospel of altruism through-
out the Chinese Republic ! He says : —

T]ier(^ is just one outlet from the impassp.
If, in •' tile liome of democracy," as tlie
East has been termed, the Yellow Man
sliould develo]) a magnificent altrui.sm and
rais<' his standard of living by wage and
other legislation to tlie level of the White —
whicli the Chinese Nationalist Party are con-
sidering— the danger of a war to enforce the
admission of cheap labour would be avoided,
thougli this wonkl be o])])osed to th(> history
of all national development.

The disastrous alternative is a crash of
colour between a Pact of the AVhitn races
and a Yellow Federation, which would be a
crime against our common hunianitv.

THE ROMANCE OF THE SEA DEEPS.

Three comprehensi\e, scholarly works
on oceanography furnish the basis of
an article by Dr. E. A. Shipley, F.R.S.,
in the EdinburgJi Revieiv. Dr. G. Her-
bert Fowler's " Science of the Sea," and
Mr. James Johnstone's " Life in the
Sea " are English University publica-
tions. " The Depths of the Ocean," by
Sir John IMurray, of the "Chanlenger "
Expedition, and Dr. Johan Hjort, Direc-
tor of the Norse Fisheries (MacMillan).
In his highly entertaining review of
these books. Dr. Shiple}- lures us with
this introduction : —

The passengers and the crew of a liner
racing over the surface of the Atlantic
are apt to imagine that under them is a
vast layer of water of varying depth
sparsely inhabited by a few fish. As a
matter of fact the whole of this great
ocean is teeming with life. If, instead
of taking ship, we could take to the
water and walk across the bed of the
Atlantic to America, starting from the
shores of Western Europe, we should in
effect be travelling through a succession
of new countries. Not only would the
surrounding physical conditions vary as
we advanced, but the animal and plant
life would vary in correlation with ihc
altering physical conditions.

He tells us how plant and animal life
changes with the depth to which we de-
scend. The deepest ocean pit yet
sounded is in the Pacific, we are in-
formed. It is 31,614 feet decj), or 2612
feet deeper than Mount Everest is high.

The Atlantic has an average depth of
from 2000 to 3000 fathoms. Speaking
of the plant and animal life at low
levels, this writer tells us: —

THREE TONS PRESSURE PER SQUARE
INCH !

These cold waters are ver\- still ; at
the bottom of the ocean there is a great
calm. The waves that churn the sur-
face overhead are unfelt at the depth of
a few fathoms ; even the great surface
currents which stream along the upper
waters of the ocean are hardh* percep-
tible below some 200 fathoms. There
are of course — as the wear and tear of
cables teach us — places where deep-sea
currents are strong ; but on the whole
the abysses of the sea are cold, noiseless,
and motionless. The monoton}' of the
surroundings is increased by the fact
that no diurnal or seasonal change
reaches those great depths. Summer
and winter, spring and autumn, are to
them unknciwii ; for them there is no
such tiling as night and da\-, seed-time
or harvest. Probabl\- the inhabitants of
these abysses breed all the }-ear round,
as land forms do in the tropics. There
we liiui insects and other animals show-
ing no seasonal change of life, eggs,
larv;e, chrysalises, imagoes all existing
at one and the same time.

Deep-sea animals live at a tremendous
pressure. Ever\' five fathoms we de-
scend in the sc.i the pressure increases

696

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 191S.

by one atmosphere, and at a depth of
3000 fathoms the pressure on each
square inch of the body of an animal
amounts to three tons, whereas at the
surface of the waters it is about fifteen
pounds. So great is this pressure that
unless special precautions are taken the
glass of the thermometers which mea-
sure the bottom temperatures is crushed
to powder.

THE RHYTHM OF THE OCEAN.

The main distinctive fact about
marine life, particularly at low depths,
says Dr. Shipley, is rhythm. Quoting
Mr. Johnstone and his book, "Life in
the Sea," the reviewer says there is
rhythm in the ocean.

There is a rhythm of a tide, a rhythm
which corresponds with the rise and fall
about twice every twenty- four hours,
and that is involved in a still bigger
fortnightly rhythm corresponding with
the full and the new moon ; for about
half-way between these two phases the
tide rises more slowly and to a lower
height ; and again, just as there is a
half-daily and a half-monthly rhythm,
so we have a half-yearl\' rhythm in the
vernal and autumnal equinoxes. So re-
gular are these rh\thms that the tide is
calculated years in advance, for all
parts of the world, and navigators rely
trustfully on these calculations, which
are not found wanting.

This rhythmical change has impressed
itself upon many marine organisms. As
Mr. Johnstone reminds us, to keep
cockles healthy in aquaria under arti-
ficial conditions one must run the water
off the tank at least once a day so as to
simulate a low tide. Convoluta — a
small and lowly worm — which lives on
the sand and burrows beneath it when
the tide is ebbing off the beach, kept in a
laborator}' in vessels of sea-water,
periodically burrows under the artificial
sand at the bottom of the vessel when
the real tide is normally going out. The
phosphorescence of the surface organ-
isms which we have noticed above only
comes into play at best some time after
sunset. If these surface organisms, cap-
able of producing phosphorescence be
kept in an aquarium in a dark room, the

same remains true. Although they are
exposed to no secular change of light
and darkness, they only show their
liehts at a time when the outside world
is dark. The same is true, as Gamble
and Keble have shown, with the chame-
leon-shrimp, which in the sea shows a
variety of protective colouring during
the daytime but at night becomes a
transparent blue. Hence it is obvious
that the tide has produced an effect
which is lasting on certain organisms
even when they have been removed from
their natural surroundings and from
the tidal influence for considerable
periods.

WHEN THE SEA IS SALTEST.

Then again we have a rhythmical
change of temperature, which is fairly
constant for given places in the sea.
About February and March the sea is at
its coldest, but it gradually warms up
until in August it attains its highest
normal temperature, in the north. In all
these rhythms there are many disturbing
features, such as the weather. But these
can fairly easily be discounted. Just as
we have an annual rise and fall of tem-
perature, so do we have a daily one, the
temperature being at its lowest about
sunrise, and gradual 1\' rising till about
the middle of the afternoon. And
again, there is a fortnightl)- rh\thm, in-
asmuch as near the hmd the sea is
warmer in the summer just after the
time of new or full moon, and colder at
the same periods during the winter.

Other rh)thms might be printed out,
such as those dependent on the intensity
of sunlight, and on the degree of
salinity, which in turn dejiends to a very
large extent on the water circulation of
the sea. The pulsing-up of the Gulf
Stream is the direct result of this cir-
culation and affects not only the warmth
but the salinity of the waters on our
western shores. " The water is sal test
when the drift is strongest, in the months
of February to June, and is less salt
when the drift is weakest, in the months
of November to February." All these
features have a profound influence on
the life of the ocean ; and a remote in-
fluence on land animals whose ancestry
was marine.

Review of Reoieivs, 119113.

LEADING ARTICLES

697

GERMAiNY'S SUBSIDISED ARMY MOTORS.

Mr. Reginald Mcintosh Cleveland,
writing in the American Revieiv of Re-
views, says: — With her usual prepared-
ness and foresight in things military,
Germany has distanced other nations in
the matter of motor vehicles for war.
Her pre-eminence in this field lies not
so much in the ownership by the War
Department of automobiles, nor along
the line of motor fighting units, but
rather in the establishment of subsidised
automobile corps for both passenger
and supply transportation. Without the
great expense incident to possession — an
expense which would be useless in time
of peace — she is thus possessed of a
well-developed arm of the service.
Corps under subsidy and subject to de-
mand in war time include one of motor-
cycles, one of passenger automobiles,
and a third of motor supply trains of a
sort practically unknown in other coun-
tries. The first and the last are subject to
purchase by the Government at a fixed
price, the passenger machines must serve
in mancTuvres for a certain period each
year, and all receive in compensation
substantial payment divided m various
ways.

At all times the problems of the com-
missariat, ammunition trains, and other
transportation facilities have been
serious ones for an army, and have fre-
quently p/oved the most severe drag on
the mobility and freedom of the fighting-
forces. With the use of horse waggons,
for instance, the typical German army
corps has a marching length, in troops
alone, of fifteen and one-half miles, but
to this must be added an unwieldly tail
made up of some 5000 men, 5000 horses
and 1200 waggons, which increases the
length of the marching column by from
fifteen to eighteen miles. If one adds
thereto the reserve supply column which
follows in the rear, the road behind an
army corps is occupied for a distance
of some thirty miles by appurtenances
of transportation all of which avail,
however, to carry only provisions
enough to support the corps for one
week^ and ammunition enough for its
use in a single battle.

It IS due to this obvious and enormous
burden on the movements of the fight-
ing men in the field that mechanical
haulage has been developed. The field
railroad failed as a remedy because it
required so much time to lay its tracks,
and because its trackage destroyed the
usefulness of the road for waggon
transport. Attempted solution of the
problem by the use of self-propelled
vehicles is not a new thing. England
used traction engines in India as early
as 1873-74, and in the Transvaal ope-
rated such a locomotive with fifteen
trailers at first, and later some thirty-five
tractors of this type. Germany also
made use of two traction engines in the
Franco-Prussian War when the railroad
to Paris was blocked by the fortress of
Toul. But this type of war equipment
lost rather than gained in practical
utility, and it was not until the develop-
ment of the automobile during recent
years that forward strides were made.
The armies of all the Euro])ean nations
now include many motor vehicles, and
in Germany various types of motor-
drawn waggon trains ha\e been de-
veloped.

Among the many advantages of motor
over horse-drawn equipment of this kind
are its greater endurance under load,
greater load capacit)', speed, saving in
number of men, horses and waggons,
great shortening of the column of march
and consequent increased freedom of
movement lor the troops, and lightened
burden of commissariat, ammunition,
and impedimenta of all sorts. For e\-
am])le, a provision column consisting of
thirty-six two-horse waggons will carry
from twent\--seven to thirty tons, and
takes up a length of about 450 )-ards,
whereas an ordinar\- motor truck, six-
teen to nineteen feet long, will carry
fdur, and with a trailer six Ions. A
column of fi\e cf these trucks with
trailers, then, woukl carry the same
tonnage as the horse-drawn train, but
would occup)' but 100 \ards, as against
the other's 450. Also it would ha\e a
dailv marching cajiacitv of about fift\--
five miles, as against fifteen to e'ghleen

698

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septemher J, 1913.

for the horse column. A horse-drawn
provision train to supply any army con-
sisting- of four army corps and two
cavalry divisions which was some eighty
miles from its base of supplies would
require 4900 men, 8100 horses and 4050
wag-gons, while a motor train could do
the same work with 550 trucks and 2200
men.

After a good deal of experiment, the
German War Department fixed on an
ideal type of motor transport, consisting
of a truck, with trailers, which, weigh-
ing about seven and one-half tons, and
with a thirty-horse-power motor, could
carry six tons at a speed of five and one-
half miles an hour with metal tyres and
seven and three-tenths miles an hour
with rubber tyres. This outfit was
capable of a daily mileage of from
fifty-five to seventy miles, and could
carry fuel, if petrol-driven, for 150
miles, and for fifty miles if steam-
driven. In order to develop this type of
motor vehicle, a subsidy was established.
By this system, which is now in force,
the owner receives a primary payment of
;^I90 and an annual payment of £^/
for five years, in return for which he
]iledges himself to place one of these
light army transportation trains at the
disposal of the Government in case of
war, and to permit inspection of the
equipment, as to its readiness for war,
several times each year. Some 350 wag-
gon trains are held under the terms of
this subsidy, according to the latest
figures. The subsidy in 191 o amounted
to ;^ 5 0,000.

The German army has put a similar
plan into operation in regard to passen-

ger automobiles. An organisation
known as the Volunteer Automobile
Corps was founded in 1905. It is
headed by Prince Henry of Prussia, and
commanded by the Duke Adolf of
Mecklenburg, most of the membership
belonging also to the Royal Automobile
Club. Its members have pledged them-
selves to put their automobiles, which
must be of approved design, and of at
least sixteen-horsepower, in the field in
time of war and to serve in manoeuvres
for at least three periods of ten days
each during four successive years. Dur-
ing service they are paid 33s. 6d. a day,
and are furnished with the uniform of
the corps, khaki-coloured, with red sleeve
bands and turn-down collar. Their
machines are intended to be used chiefly
for carrying orders and messages, and
to transport higher officers, such as those
of the staff and general staff. Under
this s\'stem some Sooo motor cars are
available.

For orderl)' work and scouting, the
army can also command the services of
a large number of motor-cycles through
the Volunteer Motor-Cycle Corps. Its
membership is pledged to put their
machines in the field in time of war com-
pletely ready for service. The Govern-
ment may buy the machines at its
option. As compensation, the corps
members receive £g los. outright, a dail\'
payment of 9s. 6d. in the field at home,
or IIS. 6d. in foreign countries, free pro-
visions and medical attention, and is.
a day for the upkeep of their machines.
In case of disabilities, the members are
entitled to all pension privileges. This
corps can put in service some two thou-
sand motor-cycles and cycle-cars.

FREE TRADE IN AMERICA.

Mr. Edward Stanwood has a most in-
forming article in the Edinburgh Re-
view upon the coming revision of the
American tariff. Theoretically the
writer is a Protectionist, and believes
that, despite 'its incidental evils, the
policy of Protection in the United States
has been enormously beneficial in the
past ; but he recognises, in short, that
the need of protective duties has wholly
ceased for numerous branches of Ameri-

can industry ; that the number of such
branches increases year by year ; and
that there has never been a time in the
past when the impending experiment
could have been made with so good a
chance of success as it has to-day. His
point of view, then, is that of one who
looks forward without serious apprehen-
sion to a time in the not distant future
when the United States can safely estab-
lish itself on a Free Trade basis, and

Review of Reviews, 1/9/13

LEADING ARTICLES.

699

who IS not, therefore, greatly ahirmeci at
the prospect of a partial trial of the
system.

PROTECTION DOOMED.

Mr. Stanwood likens the present posi-
tion of the United States to that of
JLngland when the Corn Laws were re-
pealed, and Free Trade replaced Protec-
tion.

Not that the Americans "are immediately
to adopt free trade, or to diiscard, either
theoretically or practically, the policy of pj-<>-
tection. But the step whidli is in contempla-
tion is in the direction of free trade ; the
measure before C<)ngress, which is sure to
pass, is framed avowedly Avith the intention
of encouraging the importation of foreign
goods by placing domestic and foreign pro-
ducers on an equality, so far as the power to
compete freely is concerned ; and it is as
certain as any event in the future can be
that if the present experiment prove suc-
cessful, the system of protection of domestic
productions by a tariff on imports is doomed.

MORE THAN TARIFF REVISION.

An niteresting history of the ♦:ariff
as a persistent political issue since the
days of Washington precedes Mr. Stan-
wood's statement of his conclusions with
regard to the future worknig of Free
Trade. As the constitution denied to
Congress the right to levy direct taxa-
tion, excent in proportion to population,
customs duties were from the first the
main reliance of the Government for re-
venue. It is only in the ]:)resent year
that that prohibition has been removed.

The Underwood Bill is nuicli more than a
revision of the tariff. Since the remi.s.-^ion of
the wool and sugar duties would involve a
loss of something like sixty million dollars
of revenue, the deficiency is to be made good
by the imposition of an income tax. That
is nrade potssible for the first time this year
by the adoption of an amendment of the
Constitution, the sixteenth, tlu> first change
made in that instrument since the years im-
mediatelv following the Civil Wnr. It is
to be a' Democratic, but not a democratic
tax, for it is to be levied only on incomes ex-
ceeding £800, and will therefor<> be paid by an
insignificant number of persons, estimated
by tlie committee at less than half a million,
or les-s than one-half of one per cent, of the
population. There is also a provision in the
Bill remitting fivo per cent, of the duties
on goods imported in American ships. This
seems to be '' protection " of a type quite as
objectionable as if it were given in the usual
foi-m. It is. moreover, in the opinion of
most persons who look at i\\<- plain nn^aning
of words, and not beneath them f()r a hnhlen
meaning, contrary to treaties with foreign
nations.

THE PRESIDENT'S THREAT.
Two features of the Bill are especially
distasteful to many members of both
branches of Congress. Wool is to be
l)laced at once on the free list, a propo-
sition stoutly opposed by man}' Senators
and members from the West ; and sugar
is to be made free in three years. This
is strongly objected to b\' those inter-
ested in cane sugar in Louisiana, and
growers of beet-sugar in the North-
West. Formerly Presidents never ex-
pressed to Congress their intentions as
to the details of legislation in advance
of its being formally submitted for ap-
proval in the shape of an Act passed b)'
both Houses ; but

Mr. "Wilson has done openly and boldly
what the recent Presidents liave done in
private conferences and in semi-official ro7»i-
luuniqui's. He has announced in almost so
may words that he will veto any Bill which
does not provide for free wool and free
sugar; and that ho will not treat as a regu-
lar D(>mocrat any mejnber who cons])ircs to
defeat a bill containing those provisions —
that is, that such a man shall have no recog-
nition in the disposal of patronage.

WITS, NOT PROTECTION, NEEDED.

President Wilson, in his speech to the

two Houses of Congress on the second

day of the session, explained what he

conceived to be the principles on which

the new tariff should be framed, in these

words : —

W(> mu.st abolish everytliing that bears
e\ en the semblance of privilege or of any
kiiul of artificial advantage, and put our
business men ami pr<Klucers under the stimu-
lation of a constant neice.<>sity to be efficient,
economical, and ent<'rprisiiig masters of com-
petitive supremac.v, better workers and mer-
chants than any in the world. Aside from
the duties laid upon articles which we do not
and probably cannot produce, and the duties
laid upon luxuries, merely for the sake of
the revenues they yield, the obje.ct of the
duties henceforth laid must be competitive
iompetition, the whetting of American Avits
by contest with the wits of the rest of the
world.

Mr. Underwood, in his report that ac-
companied the Bill after it had been
considered by the caucus, said that the
Democrats had attempted

To elim.inat<» iirotection of profits and to
cut off duties which enable inuustrial mana-
gers to exact a bonus for which no equi\a-
lent is ren<lered :

To introduce* in <'very lin«> of industry a
competitiv(» tariff basis, providing for a sub-
stantial amount of importation, to the end
that no eoiK'eni shall l)e able to feel that it

700

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

has a monopoly of the home market gained
other than through the fact that it is able
to furnish better gocds at lower prices than
others.

WHAT THE PROPOSALS ARE.

The greatest reductions are in the
tariff scheduled concerning metals,
leather, and textile manufactures.

For example, iron ore is placed on the
free list; the duty on pig iron is to be 32s.
a ton (of 2000 pounds), or one-half the pre-
.sent duty; the duties upon steel ingots and
upon a great variety of other steel products
are also reduced 50 per cent. In the entire
metals schedule about half of the items are
reduced 50 per cent, or more, and there are
but a few items where the reduction is not
at least 33 per cent. Of the leather schedule
there is practically nothing left. Hides and
skins are to be fr(H^, and so are all kinds
of leather, except such insignificant items as
glove leather, chamois and pianoforte leather.
Moreover, the duty is entirely removed from
boots and shoes, and from harness and sad-
dlery. On cotton manufactures the highest
duty proposed in any caso is 30 per cent.
ad vaJnrr/m. In the wool schedule there is
no duty above 35 per cent, ad valorem, ex-
cept in the case of carpets woven whole,
when the duty is 50 per cent.

Silk is treated as a luxury, and the re-
ductions of duty are slight. Even in
this drastic action a willingness is dis-
cernable to look after the interests of
good Democratic communities. Texas
— a solid Democratic State — is largely
engaged in the raising of Angora goats ;
so in the Bill which makes wool free of
duty, a duty is imposed on the hair of
the Angora goat, and so on.

Taking the largest and broadest view

of the situation, it will appear that in no

important class of merchandise which

has been enjoying protection, and on

which the tariff is now to be reduced,

are foreign communities, singly or all

combined, in a position to supply any

considerable part of the requirements of

America.

British and continental manufacturers
can, no doubt, greatly increase their pro-
duction, which is, at piesent, quantitatively
adaptoti to their own home consumption, and
a well-ascertained foreign demand ; but that
will take time. On the other hand, the con-
suming capacity of a population approaching
a hundred millions in number is so huge that
it would be absurd to expect or to f<^ar that
any largo part of the American manufac-
turer's p'roduction for his home market can
ever be displaced. It follows that at the
worst only a small fraction of the productive
plants of tho country will be forced to idle-
ness, unless competition should depress prices
to an unprofitable basis. Tliat does not seem
probable; for it can never be good policy

for foreign co.npetitors to lower the prices:
of their wares unnecessarily. They are far
more likely to take advantage of the high
prices prevailing in their new market. There
will be many exceptions to the general rule
here suggested, but for the most part they
will not affect the great commodities in uni-
versal use, produced and consumed in large
quantities.

WOOLLEN GOODS.

The situation, though, with regard to

w^oollen and worsted goods is peculiar.

The promised advantage of free wool is so
great that it goes far to offset the 50 per.
cent, reduction of the tariff rates on woo!
manufactures. The United States is a great
producer of wool. It produces an average of
more than 300,000,(K)0 pounds per annum,
none of which is exported. Yet the imports
of foreign wool usually exceed 200,000, 000
pounds per annum. The high duty hitherto
laid upon wool makes it inexpe<Jicnt. be-
cause too costly, to import some desirable
wools. The phrase "suitable for America"
is a well-known designation of certain Aus-
tralian wools, whicli inipli(\s that some other
wools are not suit^able. The wool manufac-
turers of the Tnited States have always sup-
ported the demand of tlie w«m>1 growem for
a duty, as being a netc^ssary feature of a
general system of protection, but now that
this duty is to be withdrawn independently
of any action of theirs they hail its disap-
pearance as a boon. The projjose;! reduc-
tion of duty on th?ir manufactiinxl goods is
very severe, and will surely expose them to
much foreign competition — more, perhap-^,
than will be experienced by any other in-
dustry. Yet the large concerns are not
wholly despondent. What is to he fearetl is.
that the impending changes will clost> per-
manently hundretls of small-neighltourlKKxI
mills, sc-attered all over the country, that
give the only semblance of life to the nllages
in which they are situated.

NOTHING REVOLUTIONARY TO BE

EXPECTED.

If the views expressed by Mr. Slan-

wood are sound, nothing revolutionary

is to be expected as the practical result

of the new tariff.

That thcro will be larger importations is
a matter of course; but it does not seem pos-
sible that the increase can l>e so great as to
disarrange the markets except in the few
cases specified, and in others of a similar
character. If that be so, it follows also that
in an extremely small number of cases will
prices be affecte<l in either direction to a
marked degree. That, in turn, implies on
the one hand that labour will not suffer
greatly from lack of employment or from
lower wagevs; on the other hand, that the
people for whose supposed benefit the reversal
of national policy is undertaken will not
realise any substantial relief from the high
cost of li%'ing. Moreover, it implies that, al-
though the door of the American market, is
to be opentxi, b.y at least a crack the i»i-
vitation to enter will not. and in many cases,
cannot, bo largely accepted.

Review of JJciirus, 1'0,'I3.

LEADING ARTICLES.

rei

THE DEADLY HOUSE FLY.

American doctors and health officers
have demonstrated how the mosquito
{Stegomyia fasciata), the carrier of yel-
low fever, can be exterminated. They
have made Havana a healthy spot —
in Spanish hands it was a cesspool of
disease. They have cleansed other
towns m Cuba, and they have banished
yellow fever from the Isthmus of
Panama. To fight the mosquito seemed
as hopeless a task as that of Sisyphus,
but it has been successfully done. The
Americans are now engaged in a sys-
tematic campaign against the fiy. As
usual, the Agricultural Department in
Washington, that consistent helper of
the farmer, is well to the fore in the
fight. It gives in its bulletins explicit
instructions as to the best method of
exterminating what is now recognised
by scientists as one of the most harmful
disseminators of disease and death.

A TERRIBLE INDICTMENT.

Writing m that excellent monthly,

Good Housekeeping, the director of the

Department of Bacteriology in New

York. Dr. Herbert D. Pease, gives an

account of the filthy habits of the house

fly, and tells of the campaign for its

extermination.

Would it astonisli vou. would it shock you,
to be told that thousands of children are
slain by flies each year!'' Would you be
surprised to learn that in one city of the
United Stai;<^s over seven thousand persons
lost their lives from intestinal diseases be-
lieved by certain scientists to be traceable to
the " harmless insect " that is now buzzinji
on your window pane or against your screen
doorP Suppose it were solemnly stated by
scientists of international repute that an-
terior poliomyelitis, or infant paralysis, of
which one hospital in New York alone re-
ceived and treated hundreds of cases in one
recent .summer, can be carried by one of the
kinds of flies vou pass by as of " no parti-
cular importance." What would you say
then? And it is true, every word ot it!
Walk into your kitchen and observe tlie
number of flies there. Are there a hundred?
A thousand? You had better find a cx^nllas-
ration as vou open the door, for its possibili-
ties of disaster are not miicli <2;reat<>r.

SPREADING DISEASE AND DEATH.

It is estimated that one fly can carry

about a million and a quarter bacteria

about with her. She prefers to lay her

ec^es in filth, her progeny, from the iw

to the I 50 she lays at a time, require it
for sustenance. As soon as the eggs are
deposited, the fly goes off to feed on the
unprotected milk-pail airing in the sun,
the kitchen, where delectable goods are
being yorepared, and liberally distributes
the filth she has gathered from the
reeking heaps whence she has just come.
She is very, very liberal with those mil-
lion odd bacteria she carries around with
her. They reach the bread, the milk, the
food upon the table, or in the pantry.
The germs of the disease Limberneck,
for instance, a form of paralysis found
in fowls, hogs, and other animals, im-
pregnate the larvae in the nursery she
has left, and the germs are in turn dis-
tributed by these hatching flies when
they reach maturity. Dr. Pease men-
tions many other dangers from the fly's
horrible preference for the unclean, and
stales that cleanliness is imperative if
the battle against the microbe-carrying
pest is to be won.

A FLY MULTIPLICATION TABLE.

The enormous fecundity of the fly
is almost incredible. From one to 1500
million in five months !

May 1, one fly hatches one maggot, which
becomes a female fly: May 25. the female
fly lays 120 eggs; June 5, 120 adult flies is-
sue, of which 60 are females; June 19, the
60 females flies lay 7200 eggs: July 1, 7200
flies are hatched, of which 3(/O0 are females;
Julv 14, 360O female flies lav 432.000 eggs:
July 25, 432,000 flies issue, of wliich 216. (XIO
are females: August 14, 216, (iOO femalo flies
lay 25,920,0m eggs; August 24, 25,920,000
flies issue, of which 12,96(),(;(>0 are females:
September 18, 12,960,000 flies lay l,555.2lX).-
000 eggs, Avhich on. October 4 bring forth
1.555,200,000 flies.

THE IDEAL TRAP
How should the fly be trapped? the
anxious housewife may well ask, after
reading Dr. Pease's article. lie gives the
following description of the best fly-
trap yet made.

Make a box 4 x 2 x l.J feet. Make the
two sides of the box of eighteen-nuvsli wire
screen ; make the top, bottom and ends of
the box of any wood, i)referably wiiite pine:
through the Ivottom of the box cut three
round lioles about six incluvs in tliameter:
over tbeso holes fasten thr(>e cones of the
same wire that comi)oses the sides of the
box: the opening in the little end of the
conevs should W about three-fourths of an
inch in dianiet<>i-: through eith(>r the top or

702

REVIEW Ol REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

one end of the box an opening with a sliding
trap door should be made for removing the
contents of the trap ; tack two strips 18 x 1^
X 1-f inches at the end of the box on the
bottom, so that when the box is placed upon
a floor or level surface, the cone-covered
openings in the bottom of the box will be
about li inches from the surface on which
tlie box is resting.

You now have one of the very best fly-
traps that can be made. Place the trap just
outside the back door or near the window
or door of the house where the flies congre-
gate in largest numbers. Place it close to
where the slops are kept. Put sugar,
molasses, clabber, or, best, wben available,
fish heaxis for bait just l)pneath the bases
of the cones. Tlie flies in leaving the bait
will fly upward towards the light into the
cones and crawl through tlie small opening
into the trap.

One of the most common diseases
found to be caused by these insects

which literally " live, move, and have
their being in filth," is typhoid. The
health officer of Jacksonville, Florida,
has succeeded in entirely stamping out
this disease by an effective crusade
against the fly. Fortunately — unlike
the mosquito which carries the malaria
germ — flies never travel far from their
birthplace, consequently a town or dis-
trict can exterminate its flies, even if an
adjacent one makes no attempt so to do.
Dr. Pease writes of what he knows.
Flies are not more numerous in Aus-
tralia than they are in America, and
there they will ere long stamp the insect
out. Surely we ought not to l^e behind-
hand in grappling with what is undoubt-
edly a real danger.

IS SUICIDE A "NATURAL" DEATH?

The suicide problem has been a very
pressing one in Russia for the last few
years. Mr. V. Yolsky, writing in Sovre-
menny Mir (St. Petersburg), suggests an
original solution of the problem, and
that is, to regard suicide as a natural
death. He says : —

It is about time to recognise that suicide
it 'not infrequently one of the forms of
natural death. When a porson suffering
from some incurable mental malady, under
the pressure of severe melancholia, tJirows
himself out of a window on the third or
fourth story, is that not a natural death for
Jiim? Before his heart ceased to beat he al-
ready was a real coirpse. He was no longer
a member of the human family, and the
greater or lesser rapidity of decomposition of
that corpse, of that soulless human frame,
does nob change one or other form of de-
composition into unnatural. There are cases
when a person has spent during his lifetime
all his moral and physical energies, when
ho has nothing to live with, and he. not
waiting for the somewhat delayed " natural "
death, hurries to meet it. . " . . The arti-
ficially produce<l death is, in our opinion,
a natural way out, nay, under given cir-
cumstances, even a natural death. Lastly,
if our society regards as natural the death
ol a workingman who perishes, sometimes
within two months, in a factory of lead face-
powder, what are the reasons for not re-
garding^ as natural tlie deatli of a man who
is put in surroundings in which no man can
live?

The writer thinks that suicide ought
to be looked upon as one of the diseases
which cause death. Here is his argu-
ment : —

In the mortality statistics of all nations,
at all times, .vou will invariably find a column
of figures summarising the number of deaths
from suicide. ... In itself it is nothing
alarming. Tt is neci\ssary to reconcile one's
self to its existence, as to the exist^Mice of
its neighl)Ouring c<ilumns; but it is impos-
sible not to dwell on it when it a.ssumes un-
due proportions, when there are too many
suicides. ... In regard to other disoast's
a correct view has long been establishe<l. It
is clear to almost evervbody that disease is
the result of weakness of the organism on
the one hand, and bad conditions in wliich
it is put on the other. And nn matter how
different the particulars of this or that case
may be, the general causes of all diseases
are perfectl,v clear. The ver.v names of some
diseases, for instance, Russian cholera, or
Russian typhoid, emphasise the most charac-
teristic . . . trait of tho.se diseases, at
once present a picture of the social condi-
tions whicli generate and feed those
di.seases.

But a certain element of voluntariness of
such death does not permit the people to
accept the same view of suicide. It is true,
statistics have long shown the regular re-
currence or not less regular increase and de-
crease in the number of suicide^, that even
the suicides are not as " free" as it seems.
But the apparent voluntariness of each in-
dividual suicide hinders the great public
from understanding and recognising the find-
ings of science.

Stating that he does not think that
the commonly accepted causes of sui-
cide, such as " increase of necessities,"
"disappointment in life," "alcoholism,"

age,'

" nervousness of the age." " intense

Eevieiv of liuricivs, 110/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

/^j

economic struggle," are the real causes,
the wrirer continues : —

If we agree tliat Imnianity has always pr-.»-
duced ami, it is likely, will Jong contiiuio
to produce groups of persons who end their
lives by committing suicide, it will be
necessary to recognise this manifcistation as
normal in a certain measure. The suicide of
individual persons then becomes a function
of the social organism. It can have different
tendencies which would give it a deiluite
character, form, and intensity. 1 would say
that these tendencies, no niiatter how strange
this may sound, can be healthy or unhealthy.
For instance, the relative growth of the
number of suicides in connection with the
approach of old age can, so it .seems to nie,
be called a liealthy tendency. The non-
changing number of suicides in diffei-ent
countries, or its .slow and gradual decrea.se
or increa.se, can also be added to tlie num-
ber of healthy tendencies. ... On the
contrary, the increase in the number of
suicides among the active and the .strong or
a sudden epidemic of suicide among all
classes of population of a given oounti-y
would be something abnormal and wouM in-
dicate that that society is undergoing a
serious crisis.

In Russia the writer observes two un-
healthy tendencies : a constantly rising
number of suicides since 1905, and the
predominance of young people among
them. We hnd that, of 4175 cases of
suicide in the years of 1906-1909, where
the age was known, 59 per cent, were
younger than 25 years, 34 per cent, were
from 26 to 50 years, and only 7 per cent,
over the age of 50.

It is the opinion of Mr. Volsky that
the number of suicides is closely con-

nected with the political and social life
of a country, that it decreases when the
people are united in some common cause
and increases in the absence of such a
unifying force. He says on this
point : —

We see in Knrope where public organisa-
tion is .strengthening, where the social
struggle is becoming more intense, the num-
ber of suicides for the last t-en to fifteen
years has been falling off: hero in Ru.ssia,
in the atmosphere of reactionary oppression
ami public dejection, the number increases
at a terrific rate, in Western Europe they
voluntarily end tlieir lives who have done all
they coukl on earth, people who liave pre-
served only a human, form, but have lost the
fire of life. In Russia people depart in their
prime. There life's energies have been ex-
pended, and the exhausted organism natur-
ally perishes; here the colh'ctivc sense of life
has been lost.

And this is the remedy, as the Russian
writer sees it : —

The only po.ssible way to combat the sui-
cide evil IS to fight again,st the <lisintegra-
tion of society. That man is a .social animal
finds a new confirmation in. our epidemic
of suicide. Only a group, only a coUectiTe
body creates religion, morality, right, only
in a collective body can man live. Only in
society, in an organisation of beings like
himself, does man find freedom from the forces
of the extcrival woild which are striving to
enslave him, aiul only in such organisation
is he able to struggle against them.
Man is a slaA'o to natur(^ in general, and to
his own in piarticular, when he is alone.
Man is truly the king of creation when he
is ])art of a collective whole.

DAMASCUS OR CONSTANTINOPLE?

The events that are shajDing them-
selves in Turkey since the cessation of
hostilities in the Balkans make it appear
as though the peace that has followed
the war will prove to be little more than
a truce so far as the Ottoman Empire, or
what is left of it, is concerned. Already
a process of detachment of Arabia and
the other Arabic-speaking parts of
Asiatic Turkey from the rest of the
country is setting in, and in the region
between the Mediterranean and the Per-
sian Gulf a movement has been set on
foot for the separation of Arabia and
Palestine from Anatolia and the other
parts inhabited by the Kurds and Arme-
nians. So pronounced is this movement
that Field Marshal von der Goltz, the

German military authorit}', whose name
is well known in connection with the
efforts to reorganise the Turkish army
during the reign of Abdul Hamid, has
written an article on the subject in the
Ne//e Frcie Presse, of \''ienna.

In tliis article he lays down as the
first requisite for the maintenance of the
integrity of the Ottoman Empire, as
now constituted after the Balkan War,
the completion of the armaments in con-
sequence of the gravit\- of the situation
in Syria and the disorders in Arabia.
He would also banish politics from the
arm\' ; the navy he regards as solid and
lo)-al. But he particularly insists on the
necessity of gaining over the Arabs, and
without loss of time, to the defence of

704

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

iseptember 1, 191!.

the State. The better to assure this he
would have the capital of the Ottoman
Empire removed from Constantinople to
Aleppo or Damascus as a matter of
political strategy to arrest the centrifu-
gal action that is threatening it with dis-
ruption.

As regards the question of completing
the armaments : —

It has been announced that a contract has
be«n entered into with the Krupps for a
supply of guns and other war material valuer!
at £800,000, and the now battleship built
in England is ready for delivery on the last
payment being made.

But it is not on the material plane
that the chief difficulties of any Turkish
reorganisation will be found. The
trouble is one of long creation, and can
be easily traced to the ineradicable spirit
of " Byzantinism " that pervades the
atmosphere of Constantinople, and that
will in time be as fatal to their succes-
sors as it has been to the Turks them-
selves, and was to those before them.
It was probably with the conviction of
this in his mind that Marshal von der
Goltz urges the radical step of removing
the capital of the Ottoman Empire as
far as possible from Constantinople,
and the cutting loose from all the in-
fluences of the genius loci ; the shifting
it from the extremity of the empire to
somewhere nearer its centre of gravity,
and to where it may become a link of
union between the Turk and the Arab,
without which the empire must go to
pieces.

Such action, however, is not of a kind
to be taken without a full consideration
of the circumstances and its ultimate
consequences. The presumption is that
the German Field Marshal's object is to
strenghten and transform the Ottoman
Empire into a modern state. On the
other hand, there is the certainty that
there are powerful influences opposed
to this plan, especially if it is based on
a continuance of the union of the tem-
poral Sultanate and the spiritual Cali-
phate in the person of the Ottoman
sovereign.

A strong Turkish or Ottoman State occu-
pying one of the most important political
and military strategical regions on the
globe, with its ruler exercising at the same
time the supreme spiritual influence over

hundreds of millions of co-religionists subject
to other governments in neighbouring
countries, would constitute a situation al-
most unparalleled in history.

A scheme was recently propounded in
the London Times for the reorganisa-
tion of Anatolia, but it had the defect
from the Ottoman imperial and central-
ising point of view that it practically
treated that part of Turkey as separate in
its interests from Mesopotamia and
Arabia, omitting also Palestine ; nor
did it appear to contemplate a change of
the Ottoman capital.

The general trend of the policy indicated
in the schemo in question would be t<> break
up Asiatic Turkey into thrtv, or even four,
parts, with varying interests, still governed
from a point at the far north-western ex-
tremity of the empire, subject to the cor-
rosive influences and aggressive polici«'S of
the Halkan States and Jiussia. Tliose parts
woukl be Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Arabia,
and Palestine.

With regard to the last, a letter from
Jaffa, written in May, spoke of a move-
ment on foot for the acquisition by a
great Jewish organisation of a large area
of territory on the Syrian-Egyptian
frontier to add to Palestine, and of its
failure because of the opposuion of the
Eg\j)tian Government.

The other areas included in the plan of
this organisation are in the north, and (Mim-
prise the districts of Dama.M'us, H<ims,
Hamali, Aleppo. Antioc-h, and Aintab. con-
taining, with Palestine proper, an area of
about eif^hty thousand s(juare miles fit for
colonisation. To this it is proposed to add
the eastern half of the island of Cyprus,
just definitely acquire<l by Great Hritain,
after thirty-five years of occupation.

Such a subdivision of Asiatic Turkey
as here outlined would seem to be incom-
patible with the underlying principle of
the \'on der Goltz proposition, and
would clash with the evident intentions
of the German grouj) which has obtained
the concession for the construction of
a great port at Alexandretta with the
docks, warehouses and other require-
ments of a railwa\- terminal, drawing to
itself the commerce of the Euphrates
valley and Southern Anatolia.

The inclusion of Aleppo and Damascus in
a territory specifically distinct from the rest
of the empire would disqualify either of
them from becoming its capital.

One of the two projects, therefore,
must give way to the other, and the
probability is that when the change of

l{evicw of Be views, 119113.

LEADING ARTICLES.

705

capital for the Ottoman Empire comes for its consolidation. Thus the Balkan

to be determined on, the Von der Goltz War, so far from settling anything

proposition is the one that will prevail, exrei:)t the subtraction of territory from

tmless the influences working for its dis- the sovereignty of the Sultan, has raised

ruption are stronger than those striving new questions of far greater moment.

NOTES ON NOTABILITIES.

MR. HERBERT SAMUEL AS AUTOMATON.
In the Pc7ll Mall Magazine T. P.
O'Connor gives a sketch of the Right
Hon. Herbert L. Samuel, P.C, M.P., and
manages to suggest a somewhat me-
chanical figure which, wound up to go,
persists in the e.xact direction intended,
without those devious ups and downs
\vhich mark the ordinary man in his
journey towards his goal. Of Mr.
Samuel's early development Mr. O'Con-
nor gives an amusing instance: —

When he first made up his mind that
politics were going to be his career, it would
fje perhaps impossible even for him to tell ;
liut it must have been very early. Left an
orphan at six years of age, he was sdb-
jected to somewhat conflicting currents of
political tliought : for while his mother, like
her late husband, had .somewhat Conservative
leanings, his uncle and guardian, Samuel
Montagu — afterwards Lord Swaythling — was
a life-long and very tenacious Liberal. It
perhaps marked the contrast in the child.'s
environment that a portrait of Benjamin
Disraeli hung over his bed through many
years; and it also revealed his already well-
developed tendency that, when he was eight,
the portrait was displaced at his suggestijn,
tind went down to the kitchen.

Of Mr. Samuel's career in Parliament
the chronicler says : —

There is one thing which above all others
appeals to the House of Commons—above
•eloquence, above administrative ability^-
above personal po])ularity; and that is
knowledge. Let a man show that he knows
what he is talking al)out, thoroughly, and
whatever the subject, whoever the man, what-
ever his powers of speech, the House of Com-
mons listens and is influenced. And thus
it was that when, by a fortunate coinci-
dence, Mr. Samuel first entered the House
of Commons and when at that particular
moment African subjects came to demand
attention, his speeches, packed full of know-
ledge, immediatel.y commanded the attention
of the House, and pointed him out .at onc«,
speaking though he was from a back bench,
as one of the future rulers of the assem])ly.

GLIMPSES OP^ THOMAS CARLYLK.
Percy Fitzgerald writes in reminiscent
mood, and pictures for us, in the Con-
temporary, the ever whimsical Carlyle

in private life. The writer recalls one
incident showing the sage in a kindly
mood :^

All familiar with Carlyle's letters will
recall his vehemently expressed detesta-
tion of those who suggested his sitting
to them for his portrait. He would
spurn the idea with his most contemp-
tuous expressions. Not many weeks be-
fore his death I had begun to entertain
myself by modelling — -or striving to
model —his noble head, partly from re-
collection, partly from a photograph
It occurred to me : " What if I ask him
to let me bring with me my apparatus,
clay, etc., and try to do my best with
him in this direction?" To my literal
amazement, his niece, Mary Carlyle
Aitken — then in careful charge of him —
wrote to me saying that her uncle would
be pleased to sit ! How gracious this
was of him, and how good-natured ! I
can call up the whole scene of that not-
able day : the quaint old house for
background, the panelled walls, the cab
laden with clay, my trusty man carrying
uo the sacred head in its moist wrap-
pings ; I following the whole, rather
tremulous, as the procession entered the
solemn chamber. Here was the grim
sage, waiting — solemn and expectant — ■
the excelleni niece standing watchful.
He greeted me in kindly fashion. Alas !
that day must be at least thirty years
ago. I see him now, wrapped in his
Scotch plaid by the fire, and clearly in
some sort of anticipation.

At first he disposed himself with a
sort of alacrity.

" Noo, of course, I may talk freely?"
"Well." I said doubtfully. "I

really "

"Oh, T may talk —and smoke too."
His niece, who seemed to supervise,
supported my hesitation, but I inter-
posed, and so' set to work. I forget now
the manv things he touched upon —

7o6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

mostly " poor Foosther — trew honest
fellow ! — Dickens — a noble hairt — both
long since dead." I recall the actual
words of one question put with a shrewd,
sarcastic tone : " What d'ye hear noo of
Ota Jew Premier?''

Finally, after about an hour's stay —
for I would not trespass — I gathered up
my tools, apparatus, etc., and took my
way thence, much marvelling at my own
assurance. The work, such as it is, has
found a refuge in Chelsea Town Hall.
It represents him in the notorious felt
hat and shawl.

EDMUND GOSSE AND ANDREW LANG.

The Bookman contains, a special
article on Mr. Edmund Gosse. Mr.
Thomas Seccombe notes that in some re-
spects he bears a curious resemblance to
Andrew Lang.

Both of them, he writes, are far better
as chroniclers and contemporary bio-
graphers than as serious philosophic
critics or historians, both at their best
when the vein of humour was most
buoyant, light, gay, spontaneous, or
mocking. But no, they were not content
with this, and would never rest until
they had set up as c)'clopat'dists. . . .
]\Ir. Gosse's best work is not to be found
amid the ponderosities of literary his-
tory or full-length biography, but
among the lighter literary vignettes
scattered among his Critical Essays.
Some of his contemporary portraits are
quite inimitable.

But the fullest scope for all his powers
is seen in the different varieties of auto-
biography, and if he publishes "A
Diary " it will not only be the crown
of his work, but the one live commentary
for all time of the critical era of the
transit of Victoria.

G.K.C.'S PHILOSOPHY.

" There are some people," says Mr.
G. K. Chesterton, in the introduction to
the volume of essays called " Heretics,"
" There are some people — and I am one
of them — who think that the most prac-
tical and important thing about a -man
is his view of the universe." Taking
these words as his text, Mr. William Up-
right discusses Mr. Chesterton's phil-

osophy in the Holborn Review. The
feeling of wonder at all the phenomena
of the world lies at the root of every
philosophy worthy of the name, and in
this at least Mr. Chesterton is truly a
philosopher, for his most characteristic
note is his refusal to take anything for
granted. To him everything in the
world is wonderful ; all the common-
place facts so placidly accepted by most
are to him matters of enormous interest
and excitement. The magic of things
engrosses him ; emotion sways him
rather than reason. Mr. Upright
says : —

To Chesterton tiutli is not attaiiiiible
by some lalwured logical procoss; it is both
speedily and siu"ely realised when the heart
.stands np and answers, " I have felt." Bor-
rowing a word from the realm of art, we may
say that Chesterton is an imi)re.'isioiiist
rather than a thinker. He is the Whistler
of literatnre. His test of truth is not rea-
son, hilt feeling; not intellect, but intuition.
In hie view, first impressions are the truest
impressions; second tlioughts are invariably
false.

But, though herein lies the secret of
his originalit)', it is also responsible for
some wrong-headedness, for, as Mr. Up-
right points out, side by side with many
brilliant flashes of profound insight, we
have occasional displays of extraordi-
nary ineptitude and slip-shod inaccu-
racy. Mr. Upright is of the opinion,
however, that Chesterton's cardinal error
consists in exalting feeling and intuition
at the cost of other legitimate elements
in human nature. In his defence of the
emotional he denies the validity of the
practical and the intellectual. He be-
comes more one-sided than the most
lop-sided of his opponents. Everywhere
in his work crops up his grave distrust
of reason. He does not love the scien-
tist, for he cannot forgive him for rob-
bing life of its fairy mystery ; and he
deep!}' condemns modern civilisation,
in which he thinks modern humanity
has lost its way. The writer con-
cludes : —

Chesterton never laughs at humanity : he
has too much love for it to make it the butt
of his ridicule. The innate chivalry of his
nature ever prompts him to offer battle on
behalf of the weak and oppressed. This fine
humanitarian spirit is the noblest thing in
Chesterton, and to me it compensates for all
his errors. "To him that loveth much,
much shall be forgiven."

Beview of Rt^vieivs, 1/0/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

707

THE RONTGEN RAYS IN MEDICINE.

The earliest uses of the X-rays in
medicine were for the location of
foreign bodies, such as bullets, frag-
ments of rock, splinters of bone, etc.,
which had been forced into the human
body by violence, or such things as
coins, buttons, bones, and pins, which
had been accidentally swallowed, or had
" gone down the wrong way," and be-
come lodged in the air-passages, and for
the location and the determination of
the extent of internal injury due to frac-
tured bones.

During the past few years, however,
the field of this wonderful instrument
has been vastly widened by improve-
ments in technique and by the painstak-
ing experiments and careful records
made by numerous experts in various
parts of the world.

It is now possible for the skilled
Rontgenologist to study the condition
and the movements of the hollow organs
of the body, such as those constituting
the alimentary canal, and even to note
delicate tissue changes, such as those in-
volved in the lesions occasioned by
tuberculosis and cancer.

A recent number of Die Natiinvissen-
schaften (Berlin), contains an article on
the subject. The author, Dr. Max Levy-
Dorn, I3erlin, begins by calling atten-
tion to the fact that observations may
be made by means of the fluorescent
screen or by photographs.

The fluorescent screen consists of a
substance that glows under the influence
of the X-rays. The barium-platinum-
cyanide screen, which glows with a
green light, has been much used, but is
now often replaced by the " astral-
screen, or zinc-chloride screen, which
gives a white light and which has the
advantage of being more stable. 1 he
screen shows the observer the organs
actually in motion. It does not, how-
ever, show the finer details which appcar
in a photograph. Obviously, too, the
photograph forms an important record.

Thus, in the adunrably equipped and
conducted X-ray department of St.
Luke's Hospital in New York (jly,
which the writer mentions because oi
personal knowledge, there are carefulK'
catalogued and indexed series of phot

o-

graphs forming invaluable records of
individual cases, and affording means
of comparison and study to physicians
interested in similar cases.

These photographs are made by in-
stantaneous exposure or time-exposure,
according to the nature of the subject.
" Snap-shots," of course, are better
where motions are to be recorded, while
more time is advisable where there is a
state of rest and where flne details are
to be brought out, such as the deteriora-
tion of tissue or a delicate hair-like frac-
ture of bone.

Nearly every part of the body can
now be photographed in i-ioo of a
second. Only in " fleshy " persons is
there difficulty in this, especially for the
stomach and intestines — however, the
motion of these organs is so slow that
this difficulty is not important, since
i-io — I 3-10 seconds is sufficiently fast.

The " snap-shots " are particularly im-
portant in taking nervous or restless per-
sons, or children, in comparing men and
animals, or in studying involved motions
as of stomach and intestines. Some-
times stereoscopic views are desirable.
These should be taken raj')idly, and ex-
cellent apparatus has been devised which
automatically shifts the tubes and
change the plates. Of late some cine-
matograph records have been made,
but these are more im]:)Ortant for scien-
tific than for ])ractical purposes. In
general, however, time-exposures of i .',
seconds to 2 seconds are preferable, as
being more certain of success and giv-
ing more detail.

The chief progress in X-ray diagnosis
of late years has been with regard to
the digestive organs. Since these are
hollow they can l)e investigated by
X-rays only when filled with some con-
trasting substance, generally some
o]iaque substance such as bismuth.

It is primaril)- requisite, of course,
that the subslaiue used should be harm-
less. For this reason Bisiiiuf/nnii snbiii-
tricuni has l>een replaced b\- Bisvuitlimu
larboniciiui, because the former some
times (though rarel\-\ caused symptoms
of ]ioisoning.

The opaque substance is used ui the
form of a fine powder stirred into a

7o8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

liquid to make a " broth " of greater
or less density as may be required.
" Zoolak " is the liquid commonly used.
A most interesting fact, however, is that
where it is desired to retard the move-
ment of the mass, grated pineapple is
used instead of zoolak, since the par-
ticles of pineapple fibre are roughened,
or provided with minute books, which
cling to the surface of the mucous mem-
brane and thus cause the downward
movement to be slower.

Thus a sort of cast of the interior of
the hollow organs is formed which
shows both form and motions with more
or less accuracy, and in certain cases
also shows diseased conditions.

Dr. Levy-Dorn is most particular,
however, to observe that it is by no
means an easy matter to distinguish be-
tween the normal and the abnormal, the
regular and the accidental, in making
X-ray diagnoses. It requires in fact a
highly trained expert. And the largest
progress of all, he considers, lies in the
enormous amount of material gathered
by many separate investigators and
tabulated so as to form sources of infor-
mation and comparison for such ex-
perts. There exists already a great mass
of valuable technical information of this
nature in pamphlets, periodicals, and
archives devoted to the subject.

Not only diagnosis, but therapeutics,

has derived vast advantage from the
use of the X-rays.

It was not long before it was dis-
covered that these rays might be sources,
of grave injury to those exposed to
them, including their manipulators —
especially to the skin, to those organs
which evolve the blood, and to sex-
organs. This field of medicine, like all
others, has a roll of noble martyrs. But
these very injuries led not only to the
knowledge of proper precautions, but of
their tremendous effectiveness as reme-
dies in some cases.

Thev were first used in all sorts of
skin affections, then in blood-affections,
for malignant tumors, and for certain
forms of tuberculosis.

The greatest recent progress has been
made in treating trouble peculiar tn
women, such as hemorrhages and
myoma.

Finally, there has been an admirable
development of technique in the methods
of handling the rays so as to obtain
powerful internal action at certain spots,
without injuring the skin or other
tissues.

In this connection we may mention
the differentiation between the " soft
rays " and the " hard rays," which is a
matter not touched on by Dr. Levy-
Dorn, but is well known to X-ray
specialists.

CALIFORNIA'S CASE AGAINST JAPAN.

The state of mind of intelligent Cali-
fornians on ttie Japanese question is
dramatically illustrated by an incident
that occurred during the session of the
legislature which passed the alien land
law, and is related by Chester H.
Rowel 1, editor of the Ciil.fornian Out-
look, in an article in the Worlds Work.
In reply to a legislator who pleaded for
conservative action, " a gaunt farmer "
arose to reply : —

" Up at Elk Grove, where I live,"' he said,
" on the next farm a Japanese man lives,
and a white woman. That woman is carrv-
inp; around a baby in her arms. What is
that baby? It isn't white. It isn't Japan-
ese. I'll tell you what it is —

" It is the heginnino of the hiqcjcst prob-
lem that ever faced the American people!"

Psychologically, comments Mr.
Rowel 1, this statement epitomises the

whole question : " What sort of baby
shall prefigure the future Californian P'"

Injustice has been the only American way
of meeting a race problem. We dealt un-
justly by the Indian, and he <li«'d. We deal
unjustly with the negro, and ho ciibmits.
If Japanese ever oome in suDScient nuinber.t
to constitute a race problem, we sliall deal
unjustly with them — and they will neither
die nor submit. This is the bigness of the
problem, seen in the telescope of the imagina-
tion, and is the whole reason for the emo-
tional intensity of Calfornia's agitation ov^er
a situation who^e pre&ent pr^ictical dimen-
sions are relatively insignificant. Caiifor-
nians are vividly conscious of th.Mr position
as the warders of the Western mark. They
hold not merely a political and i^eoiirapliic,
but a racial, frontier — the border between
the white man's and the brown man's -world.
To a keen sense of this trust, the possible
crisis takes on the significance of a new
Thermojjylje. Psychologically, this is the
Japanese problem in California, and no Tiew
of the situation nx)uld be just to California

Revieiv of Revieus, 1/9/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

709

if it omitted a sympathetk" appreciation of
this state of mind, and of iLs possible ulti-
mate justification.

It is equally necessary to recognise that
fhe question has a psychological aspect on
the Japanese side also. It is the whole re-
vulsion of the brown nian's race pride
against the -«-hite man's race exclusiveness,
concentrated for the moment on an otherwise
inconsequential act of the white man's out-
post province. It is a mutual state of emo-
tional hypera?sthesia.

PICTURE BRIDES.
As to the number of Japanese in Cali-
fornia, this writer quotes the census
figures of 191 o, which tell us that there
were, at that time, 71,722 Japanese in
this country, of whom 55,000 were in
California. The Asiatic Exclusion
League estimates would nearly double
these figures, for reasons which Mr.
Rowell specifies in this way: —

Tho nnmber_did not reach lOOO until 1891,
and, since 1907 it has officially included no
labourers, but has included numerous " pic-
ture brides," many of whom have engaged
in labour for hire after arrival. The.be
womeii also naturally presage a new popula-
tion of native-born Japanese, who will be
American citizens. They are the wea.k point
in tho " gentlemen's agreement. " If there
are 5.5,000 Japanese men in the State (or
100,000, as the Exclusion League guesses),
the privilege of each to send his photograph
to Japan and marry it to a wife means a
pcssible immediate increase of the population
to IIO.OOO (or 200,(XMJ) with the potential
permanent increase of the progeny of these
marriages. These wives, of course, also in-
crease the tendency of the Japanese to seek
more fixed occupations. The picture bxide
is not pernntted to leave Japan until her
photograph hu.sbaad has provided a place
for her. "Catch 'em wife" is one of the
motives commonly assigned by Japanese for
baking up land "leases. To these must be
added" whatever Japanese slip in from
Mexico. The Exclusion League in.sisbs that
there is a constant stream of Japanese im-
migration to insignificant Mexican ports
near tho border, with no increase in the
Japant^?e population of tiiose ports, arid no
sign of its ab.sorption elsewhere in Mexico.

Statistically, says Mr. Rowell, the
quality of the Jai)anese immigrants is
very good.

They bring in more money per cai)ita than
any but the Engli.sh and German immigrants;
they have less illiteracy than the immigrants
froin Southern Europe; they are nearly all
of vigorous age and in good health ; tlioy do
not iiccome dependents, nor proviile many
serious criminals; they are int(>lligent, ener-
getic, and sclf-reliatit, well able to take caro
of themselves. If white immigrants of ecpial
quality were available, they woiikl be uel-
comcd"€Mithu.siastically in unlimited numbers.

At this point he makes the significant
admission that " the opposition to the
Japanese in California is wholly racial."
After citing figures of the amount of
Japanese participation in all business
in California, Mr. Rowell makes this
important statement : —

While the Japanese do an inconsiderable
part of the business of California, and verj'
little of those sorts of farming -n-hich Cali-
fornia has in common with other States,
they practically dominate the labour of the
characteristic agricultui-al and horticuitural
productions of California.

The explanation of this, the writer
goes on to point out, is to be found in
the migratory conditions of California,
also particularly in the fruit crops, which
are seasonable, "requiring a great deal
of labour for a short time every year,
and very little labour the rest of the
year." Oriental labour adapts itself to
this movement and to the conditions it
imposes, one of the principles of which
is that the work must largely be done
" squatting." Underbidding is the least
part of the Japanese problem in Cali-
fornia.

In the squatting occupations, in wliich the
Japanese surpass wbite men in eflBciency,
they also earn more money. In their oc-
cupations the difference in wages is probably
not much greater than the difference in effi-
ciency. . . White men shun an occu-
pation in which Orientals are generally en-
gaged, just as they shiiu a neighbourhood
in which Orientals largely reside, therefore
tho darker race can monopolise any occupa-
tion it enters, even without underbidding,
simply by the retiri'uient of the white men
from it.

From the superficial American stand-
point, says Mr. Rowell, the Japanese are
probably less popular than the Chinese,
whom they displace.

They are less docile and less fittetl to that
status of human mules which the American
wishes the Oriental to occupy. Their moral
and business standards also are more difficult
for the white man to comprehend. It is
a common observation that the Chinaman's
only virtues are business virtues, whereas
the chief faults of the .Japanese are business
faults. 'I'herefore, the Ani<>rican business
man, iinderstauding no standar<ls but biisi-
ne.s.s standards, jn<lges tlie Chinese liy his
virtues and tho .Japanese by his faults.

American and Ciiine.so civilisations are
builfc on contract. .Iapamv>e civilisjition is
built on per."vonal hoiioni' and hiyalty. So
when the American business m.rn S(»es the
Chineso ke(>[iing bis tnintract, he <li.soovei^s
in him tho <uie virtm^ he kno«s how to ai>-
prcciatc. Hut wbf>^n a .lapam^ie finds liim-
.sclf in a oon tract which changed conditions

7IO

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September I, 1915.

have now made burdensonif, he wonders iin-
comprehendingly how an honourable gentle-
man could desire to impose on him terms
which are now unjust. And the honourable
gentleman understands only that the Japan-
ese wants to sneak out of a honest bargain.
The two moral standards are incommensur-
able. The Japanese who may evade a busi-
ness obligation but who will sacrifice his life
to a punctilio of honour or patriotism — he
is a mystery. But the Chinese who will rob
his government, or perjure the member of a
rival tong to the gallows, but whose business
word is inviolable — he is easy to understand.

California, says Mr. Rowell, does not
seem to appreciate that the present
actual problem is acute at all, and that

to precipitate unnecessary action on the in-
significant fraction of the problem within its
immediate jurisdiction may jeopardise the
far larger permanent responsibility in which
California newls the co-operation of the
nation and the world. AVhether 10.000 acres
of Japanese farms shall bi^oome 20,000 is not
overwhelmingly important. That the two
chief races of mankind shall stay each on
its own side of the Pacific, there to conduct
in. peace and friendship the commerce of
goods and ideas, and of the things of the
spirit, but without general interpenetration
of populations, or commingling of blood
that is precisely the greatest thing in the
world.

WHERE DID THE JAPANESE COME FROM?

The legislation in California is aimed
against "Mongolians." Protests regard-
ing the Japanese as jjart of this race have
been frequent. Mr. W. E. Griffis, m the
Norih American Review, proves to his
own satisfaction that the Japanese, in
mind, body, si:)eech, thought, ways, in-
stitutions, mental initiative in the past
and present, and in tiieir methods of
life in foreign countries, are radically
un-Mongolian ; are, indeed, as " white "
as we ourselves. He says : —

It is as unscientific to call the Japanese
"Mongolians" as to say that Englishmen
are Jutes or that Americans are Angles.

Like all great peoples, the Japanese are
composite in origin. Their reputed Mon-
golian ism is but a possible incident of their
partial and far-off ancestry. Their history,
language, ethnology, physiology, religion,
culture, tastes, habits, and psychology show
that instead of being '• Mongolians," they
are the most un-Mongolian people in Asia.
There is very little Chinese blood in the
Japanese composite, and no connection be-
tween the languages. Physically the two
peoples are at many points astonishingly un-
like. In the texture and attitude of their
mind they are antip<xlal. The notion of a
voluntary Chinese and Japanese political
union, for exami)lc, an '' anti-Caucasian "
league, is unthinkable.

As to the actual origin of the race, his
own opinion is that the Japanese are
made up of four races, Aryan, Semitic,
Malay, and Tartar. The original in-
habitants were the Ainus. who, by si:>eech
and facial appearance, are Aryans.
Reading from their own historical books,
we find that a new race invaded Japan
from " Ama " or " Heaven " (the central
Asian plateau), and fighting back the
Ainus, settled in the Yamato or Kyoto
district. At the same time are mentioned
long-bearded, mi.xed Indonesian tribes,
who came from the south, and settled
in .Southern Japan. In i i ';o A.D. the Ainu
and the Indonesians were brought under
the rule of the Kyoto bureaucracy.

China, at the time of the Yamato in-
vasion, was the most civilised nation in
the world, and the Yamato imported and
fashioned their civilisation on her model.
And it is from this fact that the Japan-
ese have for long been considered Mon-
golian. But their point of view is quite
un-Mongolian. China invented what
we have. Her culture is indigenous.
Japan, like ourselves, borrowed her cul-
ture from China, and therein we have
one of the great differences between the
two nations.

THE GIFT (?) BATTLESHIP FROM MALAY.

WHAT IT MAY LEAD TO.

Mr. MacCullum Scott pomts out m
the Contemporary that the offer and ac-
ceptance of the gift from the Federated
Malay States of a battleship marks a
return to the policy which cost the Em-
pire the American colonies.

What, then, he writes, is the Constitu-
tional problem involved in the offer and

acceptance of this Malay battleship ? It
is the question of whether the principles
upon which the Empire has been
founded permit us to ta.x these subordi-
nate States, Dependencies, Protector-
ates, or Crown Colonies for Imperial
purposes outside themselves. This trans-
action involve the abandonment of a

Review oj Reiiews, IjOjlS.

LEADING ARTICLES.

711

great tradition of disinterestedness and
trusteeship upon which our Empire has
been based throughout the nineteenth
century — in fact, ever since the success-
ful rebellion of the American colonics.
It is a constitutional principle which has
played so important a part in the build-
ing up and strengthening of the Enijoire
that it is worth thousands of times more
than the paltry ;^2, 250,000 involved in
this case. It is worth while examining
the transaction a little more closely.

NOT A " GIFT " AT ALL.

In the first place, it is a travesty of the
facts to talk of this battleshi]) as a
" gift " from the Malay States, or from
the Malay people to the Imperial Gov-
ernment. Even if the Malay rulers had
given this sum out of their own private
resources, their position is one of such
dependence upon their British advisers,
and upon their British nominated Coun-
cils, that the " gift " must altogether lack
spontaneity. But not even this sem-
blance of spontaneity is to be found
here. The offer came, not from the
Malay rulers in their theoretical capacity
as independent sovereigns, but from the
Federal Council of the Federated Mala\-
States, of which every member besides
themselves has been appointed by the
Imperial Government, and over which
the British High Commissioner presides.
It is true that the resolution embodying
the offer of a battleship was moved by
His Highress the Sultan of Perak, and
that in his speech he declared that he
made this proposal in order to show
his loyalty and his gratitude for the pro-
tection given by Great Britain to the
Federated Malay States, and for the
prosperity which they had thereby at-
tained. We rejoice to think that these
compliments were merited, but that can-
not blind us to the fact that the proposal
did not originate with the Sultan. The
High Commissioner himself, in his
speech, stated that the British advisers
had taken the initiative. It would be too
great a strain on the ordinary imagina-
tion to believe that the Malay rulers
should suddenly, of their own initiative,
have grasped the whole problem of Im-
perial defence, should have known
exactly what was wanted, and what

form the "gift" should take, even the
very type of ship that was required.
How different from Canada ! No pro-
longed conferences with the Admiralty ;
no memorandum and subsequent corre-
spondence with Mr. Churchill ; no pro-
longed Parliamentary debate as to the
form of the gift — it is all over in a
few minutes! The Sultan of Perak
strolls into the Council and moves a re-
solution, and that is the end of the
matter !

TAXPAYERS NOT CONSULTED.

The taxpayers of the Malay States
have never been consulted, either directly
or through any representatives. This
battleship is, therefore, in no sense of the
word a "gift" by a grateful people or
State. The true \ersion of the transac-
tion is that the Imperial Protector has
dipped his hands into the Exchequer of
his protege, and has helped himself to
the price of a battleshi]). It may be that
he had good and sufficient reason for
doing so, but that is for the moment
beside the question, which is whether this
transaction is a "gift" or an "appro-
priation."

This action destroys at a blow^ the
peculiar and delicate relationshi]i be-
tween the Imi:)erial Government and
those Colonies or States which are sub-
ject to its influence, but are not self-
governing. Hitherto, it has been our
pride and boast and our strength that
the Imperial Government stood in a
fiduciary relationship towards them. It
did not simph' exploit them for its own
tenefit. It was this that distinguished
the British Em]:)ire from almost an>'
Empire which had i^receded it. This
was the rock upon which was based the
prestige of the Empire among the
myriad races who were subject to its
authority. That has now been rudel\-
disturbed.

A DANGEROUS PRECEDENT.

A new precedent has been created of
a kind which is apt to l^eget successors.
The path of the trustee is straight and
narrow, but we have entered upon a
broad path whose slojie is easy and
downwards. This battleship must now
be regarded as an essential part of our

12

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

Imperial system of defence. It is not
included in the estimates hitherto voted
by the Imperial Parliament, but it will
have to be maintained, and in due
course it will have to be replaced.
Upon whom is the burden of this
maintenance and replacement to fall l"
The temptation to meet these further
charges from the same easy and con-
venient source of revenue, where there
are no elected representatives to keep
jealous guard over the people's purse,
will, now that the precedent has been
established, be almost irresistible.

A PROSPEROUS STATE.

As a justification of this particular
transaction it has been urged that this
"gift" of ;^2, 250,000 will not involve a
single penny of increased taxation upon
the inhabitants of the Federated Malay
States. Under the regime established by
the Imperial Government the prosperit\-
of these States has been abundant and
overflowing. The taxes fall not upon
the mass of the natives, but upon the
mining and planting industries, and the
tin and rubber booms have produced a
recurring series of surpluses to the an-
nual Budgets. The whole cost of the
battleship can be paid out of the accu-
mulated surplus. This is one of those
half-truths that are more dangerous
and misleading than a lie. Such repre-
sentations can only impress those who
have never considered the facts which lie
behind the Budget surplus, or who are
ignorant of the conditions which prevail
in the Malay Peninsula.

This surplus in the Malay Treasur)-,
which is now being used to lighten the
burden of taxation upon the taxpayer
in the United Kingdom, might have
been used to reduce taxation in the
Malay States, or to improve the social
condition of the inhabitants, or to
develop and open up the country. The
existence of such a surplus affords an
unrivalled opportunity of making the
Federated Malay States an object-lesson
to the world in the development of a
tropical territory and a tropical people,
and of solving some of the most difficult

problems that confront us in our varied
Empire.

IGNORANCE AND DEATH.
In mere material development the
amount of this surplus could have been
absorbed over and over again. Vast
areas have still to be opened up b)'
roads, railways, and irrigation work.
Sanitation is still of the most primitive
nature. Sir Frank Swettenham has ven-
tured to suggest that some small portion
might be saved from the battleship and
expended in the direct interest of the
people of the country, in the promotion
of the study of tropical medicine or
tropical agriculture. There is a lament-
able lack of provision for the intel-
lectual and social development of the
people. Considerably less than i per
cent, of the total revenue is expended
upon education. Out of 90,000 Malay
children of school age onl>' 22,000 are
at school, and practicall\- no provision is
made for the education of the children
of the thousands of Ind'an and Chinese
coolie labourers. In the words of the
last annual report of the Federated
Malay States, " it is not a record to be
proud of in a progressive age." Facili-
ties for higher education and for the
training of doctors and engineers are
practically non-existent. These States,
whose prosperity astonishes the world,
and which can vote gifts of ;^2, 250,000
out of surplus, are in reality based upon
a vast organisation of coolie labour, of
men divorced from the soil, subsisting on
a very low standard of civilisation, and
denied all share in the enormous pros-
perity which their labour i^roduces. In
the State of Negri Sembilan, one-fifth
of the total number of unindentured
Indian labourers died in 191 1 owing to
bad conditions ! In conclusion, Mr.
Scott says, "If we had been fighting
with our backs to the wall, this thing
might have been done as a last resort,
but the temporar)- triumph of daz/.ling
Europe by calling up naval reinforce-
ments out of the East as an offset to the
German navy in time of peace, has been
dearly purchased by the introduction of
a victor's principle into Imperial policy.

Ih'view of Itecieij-.i, 1/0/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

713

POETRY IN THE REVIEWS.

THE EPIC OF PANAMA.
Stephen Phillips has written some re-
markable verse, and some that by con-
trast is most disappointing ; but no
short poem he has yet produced grips
the reader so strongly as " The Marriage
of the Seas." The lines, which appear in
the Cosmo polttan, describe — or are,
rather, a peon of praise upon the suc-
cessful cutting in twain of two conti-
nents, the wedding of the greatest
oceans of the world, by the constructive
genius of the American nation. The
poem will, no doubt, take its place as
the epic of the great canal, as the fol-
lowing extract shows : —

Tliou iiiaiTH>st sea to sea, and tide to tide,

Atlantic bridegroom to Pacific bride ;

And tlie wrouglit wedding ring that sparkles

far,
Lies ou tliat stretched forefinger, Panama.
"What God hath joined let no man put

asunder !"
Thus saith the Church in ritual of thunder;
Yet here, and in suhlimer marriage met.
Thou joinest seas which God asunder set.
Thy priest-like task is here to reconcile,
Not troth of mighty waters to defile.

Since ne'er as here since onr first earth began.
Rose Nature so invincible to man ;
Nor came he too such splendid grapjjle yet
With massy force as in this prol)lem set.
Nor e'er did mind give matter such as fall,
In wrestle t!iat might brain and hand appal.
For Pharaoh vanquished a more level soil ;
And lashed 'lis millions to a lesser toil ;
His slaves in diunb obedience strove, with

sand ;
Lo, here a mountain pierced, a tori'ent spanned.

Some pleasing lines of Stephen South-
wold appear in the English Review. The
poem is entitled " Dreams of Child-
hood," from which we quote a few
verses : — ■

I lay in a meadow one sum mo- day.
Hot from the .snn, and tired of play:
And I watched the blue of the sky o'erhead,
As I stretched my legs on my grassy bed.

I saw through the shoots of the waving grass

A field-mouse peep ere he tried to pass;

Then he looked at me wilh his wee, bright

eyes,
And spoke — I listened without sui])iiM'.

" Ck)me with me where the corn amid
My nest from the owl and hawk is hid;

Where the swaying corn, when the wind is

high,
Makos tor Uiy baljes a lullaby.

I rose to follow my tiny guide,

.\nd woke . . . there was no one at my side;

The voice that had broug'ht my dream to

pass
Was the wind as it whispered through the
grass.

Mr. John Drinkwater, in his poem iii
the current number of Poetry and the
Drama, entitled " The Builder," sounds
a vigorous and modern note. We
(}uote the following extract : —

,\nd in all I see

Of common daily u-sage is renewed
This primal and ecstatic mystery
Of chaos bidden into many-hued
Wonders of form, life in the void create,
And monstrous silence made articulate.

Not the hrst word of God ujxyn the deep.
Nor the first pulse of life along the day.
More marvellous than these new walls that

sweep
Starward, these lines that discipline the clay.
These lamps swung in the wind that send their

light
On swarl men climl)ing ladders in the night.
No trowel-tap V,ut sings anew for men
The rapture of f|uickening water and conti-
nent,
No mortared lino but witnesses again
Chaos transfigured into lineament.

The Bengali poet, Rabindranath Ta-
gore, continues to excite an increasing in-
terest, and Mayce F. Seymour pays the
following tribute in the Modern Revieiu
(Calcutta) : —

Wlien conies a king, the cannonade booms

forth
Traditional greeting — along the flattering

shores
The gaudy straining ranks declare their joy
Or conntert'eit of joy; men's hearts are big
With pride of the glittering vision, until all —
Shores, banners, ga/ers. empty pageantry.
Are swallowed by the night. 'I he king has.

passed !

l?ut when the Poet comes, the patient shores.
Maintain their wonted peace. Only the sun
Unflattering sweeps the broad plains of the

sky
For brighter canopy and loving minds
I'.nt'old liim with old comradeship; while ever
The silent proci\ssions of the day and night
l,av down their pn'cious gifts and jia.ss to

peace.

714

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Scpteviher 1, 1913.

Metliinks when comes the Poet the songless

plains
Are trembling with his nearness and the hills
Wave banners of delight while epic waters
Murmur a new content and rise to claim
Him as their lyric voice, and future time
In envy of the present frets for birth.
And from the desert silence of great towns.
From out the hunger of the choking plains,
Upon lone heights where white souls grope for

peace,
Fro;ii far dim shores of unborn centuries.
Wherever spirit yearneth unto light,
Or dumb lijis crave an utterance divine,
In gi'eetiug and in yearning eager arms
Reach out to him. Behold the king has come I

J. C. Chadwick contributes " A Song
of Earth " to The Quest. Its prose
phrasing and sentiment alike suggest the
influence of Whitman. We extract the
argument and api3eal : —

I liave heard men say that scent is scent,
and a little shadow passing forgotten aci'o^s
tlie nostrils !

I have heard men say that sound Ls sound,
lud a little beating upon the eai'-drums I

I have heard men say that sight is sight,
and a little flash of lightning striking upon
the eye-balls !

So they say, my heart! .So they say!

We know that scent is an unlireakable cord,
drawing us to the graves of the Dead !

We know that sound is a full-voiced bell,
ringing us to the cradles of the Unborn !

We know that sight is a flaming torch,
beaconing us along the path with the Living !

Oil ! Heart of my heart ! I am tired of
song ! Come over the furrows of the new-
turned earth, for there is work to he done.
And the sky is growing deep anrl liln.' aiul
star-shot with the night !

Life of my Soul ! Come !

Tlie following slight but charming
little poem, " The Rebellious \''ine," by
H. Munro, is worth quoting from Poetry
and the Drama : —

One day, the vine

That clomb on God's own house,

Cried, " I will not fjrow,"

And, " I will not grow,"

And, "I unll not grow,"

And " I will not grow."

So God leaned out His head.

And said :

" You need not." Then the vine

Fluttei-ed its leaves, and cried to all tlie

winds:
'Oh, have I not permission from the Lord?
.Vnd may I not begin to cease to grow?"
But that wise Gi>d had pondered on the vine
Before He made it.

And, all the while it laboured nut to grow.
It grew ; it grew ;
And all the time God knew.

POETRY ITIE Pl'BLIC WANTS.

Writing in the Book Monthly for
June, on the Public and Poetry, Mr. Gil-
bert Thomas declares there is not enough
to go round of the Muse people want.

What is wrong with so many of our
poets to-day, he says, is that they make
]3oetry an escape from life, instead of
a reflection, and an interpretation of life.
The)' make poetry a drug to dull their
senses to the stern realities of life, in-
stead of a food to strengthen them to
meet those realities. Mr. Thomas main-
tains there is a large public hungry for
poetry : —

Tliore is nothing wrong with the public,
except that it is starved. All we want is
more jwetry written by pcn-ts who have faced
life and lived it, and not evaded it : who are
more intent upon voicing the hopes and fears
and aspirations of their age than upon describ-
ing their own symptoms or admiring their
own artistic jxiee ; and who are more cxincerned
with simplicity and sincerity of expression
than with experiments in rhyme and rhythm.

WAGNER'S BAYREUTH.

The Story of Baijreuth, as Told ui the
Letters of Richard Wdaner. Translated and
edited by Caroline V. Kerr. (Small, Maynard
and Co.)

The origin and development of the
idea which has flowered into the Bay-
reuth Festival is traced in a new volume
of W'agneriana, which is composed al-
most exclusively of letters of the great
composer on the subject of the musical
festival. The English edition, which
shows some careful editing, is by Caro-
line V. Kerr. The most minute direc-

tions for the production of the pieces of
the festival are given in these letters,
showing that Wagner had thought the
great conception out to the finish be-
fore beginning its visible representa-
tion. Bayreuth, says the translator in
the introduction, is not merely a local
habitation that has furnished a name
for the Wagnerian musical drama. " It
is also the embodiment of an idea which
reaches back more than a quarter of a
century in the life of the composer."

Bevietv of linipirs, 1/9/13.

HISTORY OF THE MONTH IN

CARICATURE.

Oh, wad some Power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us.— Bur7is.

Ver U'alire Jacoh.1

PEACE IN THE

Father Death fiddles a Recmiem for the Cliristiaiis
the Turks.

[Stuttgart.
BAl.KANS.

Death fiddles
and

European cartoonists ha\'e found the
war betweei the Allies even easier to
caricature than that between Turkey and
the League. SiuipUcissiiiiiis, the " Ban-
ned " but vigorous Sydney Bulletin of
Germany, shows how Sir Edward Gre)-
finally forced the disputing delegates of
the Balkan Powers to sign the Treaty of
London, Turkey has since torn up.
The uneasy throne of Albania is shown
by Ulk. There may be many candidates
for the overlordship of the new prince-
dom, but to rule over a jicople who are
temperamentally and absolutely averse
to paying any taxes is hardly an attrac-
tive proposition.

F.C.G. is as clever as usual in hitting
off English politics. His "Vicarious
Patriotism " is excellent. So, too, is his
portrayal of Sir Edward Carson as an

/•'(.-■( ;h//o. J A THORNY GIFT. [Turin.

NiKiTU TO KuKOPE : " I restore Scutari to your
charge, but on ciiiditioTi that peace shall he kept
in the future Kingdom of .\lhania."

Siwplirifii'im ».•<.] [Munich.

THK h'KillT W.W OF DKAI.lNi! Wiril THE
MATTKR.

Oei.i;i;ates : " Vc«. perhaps to-ni(U'ro\v. or the
next (lay. Sir (ircy. . . ."

Sir Kdwauii: "What! I will teach you to sign
something else hosidos Hills on Russia'"

7i6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 191S.

[Reproduced by arraneement irith the Proprietor? of" Punch."

THE WINGS OF VICTORY.

Britannia: "Ttieae things seem all the rase in Paris and Berlin; and I really can't afford to be
out of it."

September 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

717

i I

(iliiiilichter.] [Vienna.

Ulk.} [Berlin. THE FLEET UNDERSTANDING.

THE UNSAFE THRONE. John Bull: "I think. Cousin Michel, our wives'

*' I hope to take everybody into considera;.ion, hats are large enough."

as our ciualifications for the King will iierhaps be Michel: "Yes. it is high time we stopped, or

very high." tliese hats will ruin us."

Arab engaged in the harmless but Many of the more recent caricatures

showy performance of firing blank car- of President Wilson give him a coun-

tridge into the air in Ulster.

tenance resembling that of Punch. In

Kladdrradati<ch.] [Berlin.

THE LATEST BALKAN PICTURE.

r<i.-i/in»i".l [Turin.

THE PATH OF PHACR.

7i8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1915.

/'asqwino.] [Turin.

POrNCARE BRINGS MORE CEMENT P'OR THE

ANGLOFRENCH F.ST EST K.

l.n^tni, liliiiiir.] [Berlin.

THE WAR THEATRE.

(ierniania tries to take up the collection before
the play lias even started!

" .\ Leader at Last," the general opinicm
that the redoubtable doctor has collared
the Democratic Party, instead of being
under its direction, is well shown. Mr.
Bryan — an old friend of the caricaturist
— is always in e\ idence in the American
papers.

Westminster (lazrttv.}

VICARIOUS PATRIOTISM.

First Patriot: " .Viul. by Jingo, sir, Roberts is
quite rJKht about Compulsory Service. We're only
half citizens until \ve'>e taken up in person tlie
duty of — er--er "

Second Patriot: "Making other fellows stand
in the ranks of battle!"

The iurious resentment by a large
section of Frenchmen against the addi-
tion of another year to those every man
must serve in the conscript army of
France, is the subject of numberless
drawings. The Swiss Nebelspttller
sufficiently indicates the general attitude
taken.

The papers containing details of the
marriage of the Kaiser's daughter to
Prince Ernest of Cumberland came to
hand during August. Naturally the

Tni5 CooptTKY

Eiinino PosW!! [Chicago.

AT TIMES IT WOULD SEEM AS IF HE DIDNT.

September 1, WIS.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

719

U!/>-.] [Rerliii.

THE LISTENING PRANCE.
Marianne; "Are they (Iriiiking to Prieiulsliip, or
are they just simply drinking ?■'

meeting of the three most powerful
sovereigns in the world was fastened
upon and made the subject of much
speculation. The huge sums of money
being spent by German}- on her peace
armv is evidently much resented, and
the liuropean papers make merr\- over
the matter.

Liu<tiiic BInttrr.i ^Berlin.

PRIEDR[CHSTKASSE RAILWAY STATION.

The King called and everybody came.

(A German representation of most of the Euro-
pean Monarchs assembling at Berlin for the
Royal Wedding.)

I'uhUc Lcducr.] [Philadelphia.

BUSY DAYS FOR THE HANDY MAN.

ScbrL<i><'ltir.] fZiirieli.

THE NAU(!inV KRKXCll SOLDI KK'S.

■• I'apa. the soldiers call me names when 1 want
to |)lay with them for three years."

720

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

Liistige Blatter.} [Berlin.

To prevent future flying contretempts on the fron-
tier, fly-papers are to be erected in the Vosges.

■■•A \^M:h^3^:$:^

Minneapolis Journal.}

A LEADER AT LAST.

Westminster flazette.']

POWDER-PT.AY.

Kaid Carson anii his Arab tronpe now on tour.

Wviit minster (iaii-tU'.}

CROPPED UP AGAIN.

Mr. Balfour to Bogy: "What! You cropped up
again !"

Bogy : "Yes, and you too!"

[Mr. Balfour moved the rejection of the Home
Rule Bill on its second reading in the House of
Commons.]

'■^=^1

Kladderadatsch.} [Berlin.

THE VOICE OF AUTHORITY.

Policeman Grey : " It is high time that this
game was brought to a close."

\y estminster Gazette.}

W. J. BRYANS DOVE OF PEACE.

Review of Eeviews, 1/9/13.

721

AN EPISODE IN A CONSCRIPT'S LIFE.

TO LOSE ONE'S LIFE FOR A PIG!

How little we realise here what con-
scription really involves. At Home
Lord Roberts and others of the
National Service League are doing their
best — fortunately quite unsuccessfully
— to induce Great Britain to adopt com-
pulsory service. England is too close
to the continental nations ever to fol-
low their example, and allow the in-
sidious foot of conscription to en-
ter her borders, no matter in how
mild a form. The)' know at Home the
\\"ay in which the individual must lose
his independence as a result, and how
the military are bound in the long run
to dominate the country where compul-
sory service is in force.

The following little experience gave
me, at any rate, a clearer appreciation
of the actual working of conscription
than I had ever obtained during many
visits to France, Germany and Russia.

A friend of mine, a Dr. , was

residing in London for a year or two
to complete his law studies. He was
clever, spoke several languages, was,
in fact, t\pical of the Germans, who
in fort}' \'ears have built up a great
empire.

During a whole week, last November,
I found him getting more and more
depressed, nothing like his usual
cheery self. 1 rallied him about it,
and 'hnall}' he retorted, "You would
not be very cheerful either if you were
waiting for your death warrant!"

" Whatever do you mean," I ex-
claimed. " Have you Ijeen seeing a
doctor?"

" Oh no ! But 1 am hourly expect-
ing a telegram to report m^'self at home
in Germany."

" Whv have you to do that?"

"H Germany mobilises, I have to
return at once. I have been notified to
hold myself in readiness."

This was at the time of the severe
tension in Europe over the Servian de-
mand for a port in the Adriatic.

" Well," I said, " I sympathise with
you ; it must be very inconvenient to
have to rush away at a moment's
notice ; but to be ordered home seems
to me to be a long way from being
sentenced to death."

" It is the same thing in my case," he
answered despondently. " I would not
be called back unless war is seen to be
inevitable, because I am in the second
reserve now."

" But even if you have to return to
fight, you have as good a chance as
anyone else to win safely through. It
is probably a hundred to one you will
return without a scratch."

"It is a hundred to one — no, a mil-
lion lo one— I am dead a week after
war is declared," he replied earnestly.
It's like this. I am an officer in the
artillery. All our stations are accur-
ately known, and when war breaks out,
I have command of a batter}' on the
French frontier. All reserve officers go
into the front line with highly trained
men under them, the active officers take
charge of the first reser\'e men in the
second line. The first duty of an army
on the French frontier is to break
through the powerful forts which the
Rei)ublic has built within the last two
}'ears all along her border. We would
do it, of course, but we reckon at the
\ery least it would cost us 50,000 men.
I would be in the front rank with the
artiller}' ; what possible chance have I
to get through alive? No, I tell you
I am waiting ni}' death warrant, and I
and thousands of others are waiting it
in susi^ense and dread, just because
some fellows in Austria object to Servia
having a free port lo ship pigs from !"

" Don't think 1 should appear when
I was summoned," said I. " The case

722

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 1013.

would be different if your country were
threatened, but to be shot for a pig is
ridiculous."

"That is all very well. I would be
shot as a deserter if ever I set foot in
Germany again, and after all, it is
my home, where I must earn my liv-
ing.".

" So you and every German abroad
lias to choose between going back to
be food for powder, or staying away
in permanent exile?"

" Exactly. All of us are liable to
be recalled to the colours until we are
over fifty."

" But how does the General Staff
know where to find you?"

" It is a wonderful system," and he
brightened up in explaining it, for it
is, indeed, a triumph of the methodical
and orderly Teutonic mind. "We all
have to notify our consul where we are,
and must report periodically. Every
man's record is kept by the headquar-
ters Staff, which can put its finger upon
him whenever it wants him. Every-
one liable to serve in case of war knows
just how long he may have after being
summoned to reach his post in the
army. When 1 was at home I was
allowed thirty-six hours ; when I lived
in Paris I had to report in three days.
All of us in London are permitted eight
days, owing to the possibilities of inter-
ruption of steamer traffic."

" Do you have to pay your expenses
home ?"

" No, we don't ; even a conscription
Government could not expect that."

" Then T suppose what we have been
reading about Servian and Bulgarian
patriots hastening home from America
to offer their services to their fatherland
does not really mean they are volun-
teers?"

" Not a bit of it." You may be
pretty certain that they cannot help
themselves. The ones who did not have
any reason to object to permanent exile
just stayed quietly where they were."

" I am wondering," I said, " whether
in New Zealand and Australia, where,
you know, they have adopted a mild

form of conscription, all citizens will
have to notify the army headquarters
whenever thev desire to leave the
country."

" Of course they must," he replied,
astonished at my question ; " if you
go in for compulsory service, even of
the mildest type, the conscripts, or what-
ever name they go under, are obliged
to hold themselves in readiness to re-
turn home at once should need arise."

"Well," I exclaimed, "I think that
is about the last idea that would enter
the head of an Australian or New
Zealander. They have always consid-
ered themselves perfectly free to go
where they choose, and do exactly as
they please, just as we do here in Eng-
land, without bothering themselves
about reporting to the Chief of Staff,
or the police, or anyone else. T am sure
the)' will never do it."

" Perhaps," he smiled, " they don't
think they will, and they won't find
out that they have got to until it is too
late for them to protest. Once let the
military authorities have a good open-
ing to make a start with conscription,
no matter how innocent it appears to
be, and you will find that before long
they will rule the roost. It is inevitable
— follows as a matter of course. Those
who are keen in adopting compulsory
service, had better go through what I
am experiencing just now," and he fell
to packing up his things ready for a
hasty departure. Fortunately, the pig
question was settled by Servia under-
taking to have all her new armaments
made in Austrian factories, and agree-
insf to abate her claim for a Servian
owned port on the Adriatic in favour
of free access there only, the first ar-
rangement disposing of Austrian hos-
tility, the last of Italy's. Another in-
stance of the way in which the great
weapon factories control and sway
European politics.

Dr. is but one case ; there are

thousands of others. I suppose, too.
he was correct about the need there will
be of Australians and New Zealanders
liable to serve notifying the military
authorities as to their movements !

Review of Reviews, 1/9/13.

723

NOTABLE BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

JOHN BRIGHT: THE PEOPLES TRIBUNE.

The Life of John Br'u/ht, by G. M. Trevel-
yan. (Constable, 15/- net.)

In telling the story of such a book as
this there is no need to linger on the
character of the man therem depicted.
Conservative and Liberal, Radical and
Nationalist alike agree in their opinion
of the single-mindedness, impeccable
honesty, and unimpeachable courage of
this noble Friend. The word " Quaker "
John Bright disliked, as founded on a
basic untruth.

John Bright was born in 1811, with
Thackeray, Darwin, Raikes, Mark
Lemon, and others who have influenced
our world. The first steamship had not
yet crossed the Atlantic, and England
was at war with France and America,
and m Spain and India. As Mr. fre-
velyan says : " War, though sometimes
sport to the rich, is always death to the
poor," and our national glories at that
time were paid for by taxation that
raised to starvation prices nearly every-
thing men required.

The son of a Quaker cotion-spinner,
who had married a woman of excellent
natural capacity and qualities of head
and heart rarely excelled, John Bright
was the second of eleven children.
He was educated at various Friends'
schools, and at the age of fifteen
came home, and was employed in
his father's business. Here he was
entering a society democratic in its
atmosphere, for Jacob Bright was not
only the employer, he was the father of
his people, and their confidant in all
their troubles. W^ien John had been in
his father's factory about ten years he
spent a holiday on the Mediterranean,
and his letters home show his keen ob-
servation. On his return Bright became
more active than ever as a local politi-
cian, and, through his father's interest in
public education, he came in contact with
Cobden. Any statement that Bright
ever opposed laws to protect children is
untrue, says Mr. Trevelyan.

OTHER MEN, OTHER MEASURES.

In the eighteenth century the Whig
aristocrats thought of themselves as
the leading citizens in a free country. In
the farmhouses master and men ate to-
gether, worked together, and had the^
same interests. Moreover, such indus-
tries as weaving, etc., were carried on
by the people in their own homes. The
coming of machinery altered all that.
People crowded into towns, the popula-
tion rapidly increased, and England,
from being a corn-exporting country,
needed to import wheat. Then Parlia-
ment passed the Corn Law of 181 5, pro-
hibiting the importation of foreign
wheat until its price was 80s. per quar-
ter (average now 37s. per quarter). Bread
became an impossible luxury for agricul-
tural labourers, who earned but 6s a
week. They and their families starved
on potatoes and turnips, and the hovels
in which they dwelt were noisome be-
yond belief.

Chartism, the claim that the working
man should have a vote, was born of
these conditions.

Neither Cobden nor Bright were
amongst the seven men who founded the
Anti-Corn Law Association of 1838, but
shortly after the name of John Bright
was added to the committee, his father
gave a donation of ;^50, and the son
started his public agitation. He had
been married about two years when there
came upon him the calamity of the
death of his wife, who was the light and
sunshine of his house, and in his trouI:)le
(x)bden came to him. He poured out
words of balm and comfort, and then
he looked up and said : " There are
thousands of houses in England at this
moment where wives, mothers, and chil-
dren are dying of hunger. Now," he
added, "when the first paroxysm of
your grief is past, 1 would advise you to
come with me, and we will never rest
till the Corn Law is repealed."

724

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septemher i, 1913.

Bright accepted Cobden's invitation,
and that was the beginning of his
political career : of a life which, in or
out of Parliament, was thenceforward
devoted to the causes he believed to be
noble, and to the service of those who
suffered.

THE CRIMEAN WAR.

His work for the repeal of the Corn
Laws and the extension of the franchise
is well known, but his vain protest
against the Crimean War is not so
familiar. In one onslaught on the Gov-
ernment he said : —

Some honourable gentlemen talk as if Rus-
sia were a power which you could take t<)

disease, and that in thdt vhole month only
six shirts ircre icashcd! Can anyone con-
ceive the horrors which are included in this
fearful statement?

His speech in February, 1855, when he
pleaded for a cessation of hostilities, has
often been quoted : —

I do not suppose, he said, that your
troops are to be beaten in actual conflict
with the foe or that they will be driven into
the sea ; but I am certain that many homes
in England in which there now exists a fond
hope that the distant one may return — many
such homes may be rendered desolate when
the next mail shall arrive. The Angel of
Death has been abroad throughout the land ;
you may almost hear the beating of his
wings. There is no one, as when the first-
born were slain of old. to sprinkle with blood

-!j)-::mjm

1

FROM THE "ANTI-CORN LAW
A cartoon drawn by Thackeray. A Russian and

CIRCULAR." JULY 23. 1839.

a Pole, hringring cum for the starviiiE English, are
repulsed by the myrmidons of the Landlord State— 8.')ldier. policeman and beadle.

Bow Street and bind over before some sti-
pendiary magistrate to keep the peace for
six months. Russia is a great Power, as
England is, and in treating with her you
must consider that the Russian Government
has to consult its own dignity, its own inter-
ests, and public opinion, just as mucii at
least as the Government of this country.

And to his wife he wrote: —

I read through tlie report of the Sebasto-
pol Committee. It is a melancholy narrative,
and should condemn every member of the
Government of Lord Aberdeen to perpetual
exclusion from office. There is one fact
stated, that in the month of November (1854),
in the hospital at Scutari, there were
2000 patients suffering from wounds and

the two side-posts of our doors, that he may
spare and ji.ass on ; he takes his victims from
the castle of the noble, the mansion of the
wealthy, and the cottage of the ix)or and
lowly, and it is on behalf of all these classes
that I make this solemn appeal.

But his appeal was in vain. Palmer-
ston would not yield, though Russia
had conceded three out of the four dis-
puted points, and was ready to discuss
the fourth.

Cobden, who heard the great speech
delivered, said to him as he sat down
amid the universal cheering which
greeted the oratorical triumph, " You

Eeview of Beviews, 1/9113.

NOTABLE BOOKS.

725

went very near that time. If you had
said ' -flapping ' instead of ' beating of
his wings,' the House would have
laughed." But, as Mr. Trevelyan says,
Bright would no more have said " flap-
ping " than Gladstone would have made
a false quantity.

HOME RULE.

John Bright was against Home Rule
'in 1872, but that does not necessarily
mean that he would have opposed it
now. His reasons for objecting w^ere
that " two Legislative Assemblies in the
United Kingdom would, in my opinion,
be an intolerable mischief," because they
would lead to separation. Moreover, he
considered that that which obtained in
the Colonies was no guide, as "the
Canadian Confederation is even now-
showing symptoms of breaking down."
His alternative was an Irish Committee
for Irish Bills in the House of Com-
mons.

woman's suffrage.

He was not as decided as usual in his
opinion on Woman's Suffrage. He wrote
in 1858: "I know no valid argument
against it " ; indeed, his arguments for
the franchise were as valid for the work-
ing woman as for the working man.
But he had his fears, as in the case of
Home Rule, and though in 1867 he
voted for the inclusion of women, in
1 87 1 he wrote to Miss Sturge : —

I do not think the bestowal of the suffrage
on womev. will be of any advantage to them,
and I fear at present, and perhaps always,
it will tend to strengthen the party which
hitherto lias opposed every good measure
passed during the thirty years in which I
have taken part in political affairs. 1 think
it would add to the power of priestcraft in
every part of the three kingdoms.

Thus, unlike his usual modes of
thought, it was as a Liberal and a Non-
conformist he objected, and in 1876 re-
corded his vote against woman suffrage.

Whole-hearted was his appreciation

at the settlement of the Alabama dispute

with the United States. In 1872 he

wrote : —

'•My Dear Lord Granville, — . . . The
great virtue of the Treaty, beyond the settle-
ment of a dangerous dispute, is the ex-hibi-
tion and adoption by two great nations of a
principle of fairness and reason in its settle-
ment, and, as we may trust, in the adjust-
ment of any future question tliat may ari.so

between them. I believe if the English
Government had shown the same wise and
just disposition in times past, almost all
ivars with European powers since the days
of William III. might have been avoided.

THE "CAVE OF ADULLAM."
In dipping into John Bright's story
the " Cave of Adullam " speech must
not be forgotten. It occurred during a
debate on the Reform Bill, 1866. Mr.
Trevelyan's account of it is delectable.
Two Liberals, the quarrelsome Horsman
and the fier\' Lowe, were dissentient.
John Bright, in the course of his speech,
said : —

The riglit lion, gentleman Olr. Horsman)
is the first of tlio new party who lias ex-
pressed his great grief, wlio lias retired into
what may be called his political Cave of
Adullam, and he has called about him every
one that was in distress and everyone that
was discontented. . . . When a party is
formed of two men so amiable, so discreet,
as the two right lion, gentlemen, we may
hope to see for the first time in Parliament
a party perfectly harmonious and distin-
guished by mutual and unbroken trust. But
there is one difficulty which it is impossible
to remove. This party of two reminds me
of the Scotch Terrier, which was so covered
witli hair that .you could not tell which was
the head and which was the tail of it.

Among the jokes which Mr. Tre-
velyan records is one which otcurred in
a reference to the Bradlaugh difficulty.
Mr, Bright had said : " It is not Brad-
laugh's atheism which they hate, but his
unconscious (Christianity," and this anec-
dote is given in a footnote: —

Bradlaugh had his admirers even among
old ladies. One of them came to the House
to see him, and asked for " the Member for
\orthampton." She was promptly intro-
duced to Bra-dlaugli's colleague in the repre-
sentation of that city, Mr. Labouchere.
■ .Vre you Mr. Bradlaugh r"" she eagerly
asked. " Xo, ma'am," was the reply, "I'm
the Christian ^h-mber for Xortham]>ton I"

JOHN bright's RETIREMENT.

John Bright was the first Noncon-
formist to become a Cabinet Minister,
and his retirement was as characteristic
as his entr}-. ^^'hcn the question of the
occupation of Egypt arose, and he heard
that the British fleet had bombarded
Alexandria, he resigned. " 1 think," he
wrote to Mr. Gladstone on Jul\- 12th,
1882. "in reviewing the doctrines con-
nected with our foreign policy, which I
have preached and defended during

7 26

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September I. i91S.

forty years of my public life, you will
not be surprised at the decision I am now
compelled to take. I cannot accept any
share of the responsibility for the acts
of war which have taken place at Alex-
andria."

Nearly seven years later he passed

quietly to his rest at One Ash, the house
in which he had lived for fifty years,
and the " organ-voice cf England."
which had spent its music in the service
of humanity and freedom, was hushed
for ever — but its influence will be ever-
lasting.

A REVELATION.

The Inside of flic Cuii. By Winston
Churchill. (Macmillin, 6'-.)

Mr. Winston Churchill has accus-
tomed us to novels in which adventure
predominates, and to a reconstruction
of the lives lived before our own era, so
that it is with astonishment we discover
that this tale of his is not a fairy carpet
to spirit us away from our everyday life
for an hour, then to be lightly laid aside,
but it is a setting for one of the most
moving lay sermons that has ever been
written ; a denunciation of the union of
millionaires and the Church, an invita-
tion to make clean the inside of the cup
and platter, to discard outward conven-
tional doctrines, and to make Chris-
tianity what it should be, a mode of life.
In his " Afterword," Mr. Winston Chur-
chill says that the setting forth of his
personal view of religion is not only un-
avoidable, but necessary, and such as it
is, it represents many years of experience
and reflection.

His hero, the Rev. John Hodder, was
not an ascetic ; when he was at Harvard
his boiling, contagious spirit of youth-
fulness had led him into the thick of the
life there, and his personality had drawn
his comrades with him. On the point of
being employed by a New York lawyer
of distinction, he went into one of the
Metropolitan churches, obeying an im-
pulse which he did not attempt to ex-
plain to himself ; and suddenly the
words of the hymn they were singing
came to him fraught with a startling
meaning : —

Fill me radiancy divino.
Scatter all my unbelief !

Then came the sermon, with the text, " I
will arise and go to my Father " ; and
as a revelation it appeared to him that
he had always wished to preach, to help
to revive a faith, a dying faith, in a

material age. Thinking thus, he went
home to his mother, who not onl\' con-
sented to his proposed change of a pro-
fession, but accompanied him to his first
curacy at Bremerton. After ten years'
work there he was invited to become
rector of the Church of St. John, in n
great American city of the Middle Wchi.
Hodder was chosen not only on account
of his brilliant talents and successful
work, but also because of his orthodox\-.
The great power in the church was Eldon
Parr, a man of the people who had be-
come a millionaire, and who was in
right truth the king of the city. For two
years Hodder jireached quietly, but with
a continuously growing conviction that
the religion he was preaching was m-
eff"ectual. By an extraordinary grim
chance, when he had just packed his bag
to go for a short season of quiet into the
country, he was called upon to help a
woman in a neighbouring street ; her
home had been one of those broken up
in the course of Eldon Parr's climli to
riches. Helping her, he came across
victim after victim, and so spent his
holiday in Dalton Street instead of in
the country.

After this experience he realised what
had been wanting in his ministry ; he
knew why his pulpit appeals had lacked
efficiency. His well-to-do hearers did
not want the world to change. Hodder
knew that he had been risking " fatt\-
degeneration of the soul." He had gone
to Dalton Street for a short visit to a
woman in need, and there he received
a second revelation. The shock was ter-
rible, for he had learned to care for,
sympathise with, and greatly admire
Eldon Parr, who, in spite of his riches
and luxury, was a lonely and suffering
man. The shock tore from him the
flimsy garment of orthodoxy, and

liei-icw of lierini?. 1/9/1;':.

NOTABLE BOOKS.

m

seemed at first as if it would duly de-
stroy all religion, so that his only course
was at once to leave the Church and all
that it involved. But he is brought into
contact with two people, a woman and an
old man, whose beauty and nobility of
life bring him just the help necessar\-,
and Hodder finds final !}• the rock which
underlies the Christian creeds, and
realises that it would be a coward's part
to leave the Church ; that instead he is
to stay there, face the op]")osition and
scorn of his vestry, tear the veil from the
hidden sins of some of his prominent

supporters, and preach the truth as it is
in Christ.

Words almost fail to give the sense of
reality, ]iower and elevation inspired by
a no\el, in which the characters are so
eminentl)- human, so splendidly drawn,
the millionaire especially, and threaded
through with such charming stories of
human love Hodder marries the mil-
lionaire's daughter, and they face life
with a magnificent church without en-
dowment, almost emptied of its rich
congregation, but crowdecJ with the poor
of Dalton Street and its neighbourhood.

GERMANY'S STRONG MEN.

Ml' II AroiiiiiJ the Kniscr. IW KroiU-rif ^\'.
Wile. (Heinemann, 6I-.)

Mr. Wile gives us here, m rac)- and
piquant words, a description of the en-
tonrage of the " Managing Director of
Germany " Ltd. The Kaiser has been
called upon to play a heavy role, and
has played it with eminent success. But
it has not been a one-man show, and in
this volume we have short, vigorous
articles descriptive of some thirty of
the great German personalities of the
day. We need to discount the author's
words somewhat, for Mr. Wile has the
militant instinct. His book is dedicated
to Lord Northcliffe, and the breath of
• war runs through it. With this proviso
we can give ourselves up to the delight
of page after page, in which we find
just the phrase which emphasises the in-
dividuality of the man of whom he is
speaking. For instance, Von Bethmann
Hollweg he describes as " a man who
means well feeblv," whilst a little fur-

ther on he remarks that his tall, fine
]:tersonality is in striking contrast to the
King of the Junkers, Von Heydebrand,
physically the most diminutive of the
great leaders. Of Herr Dernburg, who
gave up the managing directorship of a
great bank worth ;^io,000 a year for a
l)altry Cabinet salary of-;^i250, he says
that he applied business ethics to the
conduct of German^y's colonies ; but
there being no place for business capa-
city in a government saturated with
bureaucracy. Dernburg had to go.
Richard Strauss is described as " the
Bernard Shaw of music," and so, from
personage to personage, the story goes
on, leaving us wondering at the author's
skill in characterisation as he draws in
clear outline the individual qualities and
peculiarities of men of whom the or-
dinary reader knows so little that he is
in danger of supposing all German
statesmen are cast in one common
mould.

WOMANHOOD.

The Tnifli About W'oiiuiii. liy C. Clas-
quoine Hartley. (Eveleigli Na.sli.)

The author of this book, who is well
known as Mrs. Walter Gallichan, says m
her preface, that it is the cnitcome of the
careful study for man\' years of the
conditions of women in this country
and abroad. She starts b}' endeavour-
ing to make clear, in the first cha|)ters ot
the book, the irresistible elemental power
of the uncurbed sexual instincts, prov-
ino- her poml by a (-arcful examination

of animal love matings from the sim-
plest forms to the most developed.

The next stage points out that
amongst the most elemental tribes of
men, matriarch}-, or mother-descent, was
fre(]uent, tlie transition to father-right
coming with what has been called a more
advanced civilisation, Init which was in
realit\- a backward steji. Customs in
I5urma, l.ipan, and China suppl\- illus-
trations.

728

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191 S^

Mrs. Gallichan then proceeds to con-
sider the status of. woman on the great
empires of antiquity, beginning with
Egypt, Greece and Rome. Interesting
excerpts are given from old Egyptian
writings : —

If thou would'st be a wise man, rule thy
house and love thy wife wholly and con-
stantly. Feed her and clothe her, love her
tenderly, and fulfil her desires as long as
thou livest, for she is an estate which con-
ferreth gi-eat reward upon her lord. Be not
hard to her, for she will be more easily moved
by persuasion than by force. Observe what
she wisheth, and that on which her mind
runneth ; thereby shalt thou make her to
stay in thy house. If thou resisteth her will,
it is ruin.

Do not treat rudely a woman in heir house
when you know her perfectly ; do not say to
her. "Where is that? bring it to me!" when
she has set it in its place where your eye sees
it; and when you are silent you know her
qualities. It is a joy that your hand should
be with her. The man who is fond of heart
is quickly master in his house.

Going from her study of these manu-
scripts to a study of the figures in the
Egyptian galleries, the strange fact
struck Mrs. Gallichan that it is often

difficult to decide whether a statue re-
presents a man or a woman, and asks
whether the Eg\^ptian husband and wife
have solved a secret which we yet are
searching out.

It is impossible to examine into " The
Truth About Woman " without the mar-
riage question coming very strongly to
the fore, and the author states quite
clearly her belief that the ideal perman-
ent marriage between one woman and
one man, to last for the life of both,
must persist as an ideal never to be lost ;
yet it is but a base counterfeit of mono-
gamy, which is accepted and practised
by many among us to-day. Our mar-
riage s}'stem is buttressed with prostitu-
tion, but it would be a very great mis-
take to rid marriage from all legal
bonds. As regards woman's political
freedom she says : — " Freedom carries
with it the acceptance of responsibility.
Women must accept this : they are work-
ing toward it. . . . It is to go on
with man, and not to get front vmn, that
is the goal of woman's freedom."

THE MOST USEFUL BOOK IN AUSTRALIA.

The Official Year Book of the Com-
monwealth has become an absolute
necessity to every politician, public man,
business man, and, indeed, no one who
wants to know what is going on in the
Commonwealth can possibly do without
it. Each volume — this is No 6 — issued
by Mr. Knibbs is more comprehensive,
more practical, and more useful than the
last. The present book contains 1236
pages, every one packed with carefully-
collected information, checked and re-
checked on the weird machines which
the famous statistician has under his
command. Not only is there an im-
mense amount of information given, any
item can be quickly found. The index
is copious and well arranged — as one
would expect, indeed. Condensation
has been brought to a fine art here, yet

enough is always

given.

Although

published at the end of June, it yet con-
tains the results of the voting at the
general election on 21st May, and the
Referenda are also included. In other
respects it is equally up to date. Many
maps and graphs illumine its pages. A
useful supplementary index enables
reference to be made to the whole of the
special articles which have appeared in
previous issues. These cover items of
interest, like Australian Fauna, Flora,
Geological and Geographical features,
as well as accounts of the Aborigines,
and of Australian exploration. Alto-
gether Mr. Knibbs has scope in the year
book for his versatile genius, though it
is not here that we can find any of his
verses. These, though, are being pub-
lished in England, and will discover
our statistical expert as a human
poet !

Mevieic of lifcigus, 1/9/13.

■29

BOOKS IN BRIEF.

€zar Ferdinand and His People. By John
Macdonald. (Jack, 12s. 6d.)

This topical and interesting account of tlie
early history and later development of
Bulgaria and its rulers contains just the
information needed in a pleasantly read-
able form. Bulgaria is likened to a stream
which, after running fast and furiously
for a period, disappears underground,
coming again to the surface. It is said
that Eu.ssian soldiers in the Turkish cam-
paign oif 1828 were surprised to discover
a. Slavic race between the Danube and the
Balkans, and somewhere about 18G0 Mr.
Sliaw Lefevre, travelling to Constanti-
nople, passed through the group of pro-
vinces, then under Turkish Pashas, which
is now officially Bulgaria. He was struck
with the natural richness of the country —
and with its desolation. When in 1890
Mr. Lefevre visited the country a second
time he found a parliamentary people
governed icoiistitntionally, democratic to
the core, quick at learning all that Europe
could profitably teach them, advancing by
leaps and bounds. It is just this period of
thirty years of which we get here a vivid
account, illu.strated by pictures and por-
traits, and prefaced by the story of that
fijist vigorous, if not brutal, life before
that five hundred years, during which
practically the Bulgarian people as a
people were non-existent. Mr. Macdon-
ald has teld his story well, and presents
the Czar Ferdinand -and his consort as the
able pair events have proved them to be.

Slam. By Pierre Loti. (Laurie.)

When a traveller who is a poet and a
writer of romantic books begins to tell
about h-s travels one would need tO' be
a poet also to describe the charm felt in
following in ,his footsteps. Pierre Loti
had always had foreshadowings of what
his futare life was to be. In his childish
imagination he had seen him.self a sort of
legendary hero. He had travelled in
thought "long before he had been enabled
to do so in reality, so that it is sm.all
wonder that when he tells us how, out of
the depths of Siam, he saw the star of
the evening rise over the ruined Angkor
we ourselves are lifted into the regions of
romance.

A Tour Through South .America. By A. S.
Forrest. (Paul, 10s. 6d.)
Mr. Forrest claims to be neitlier explorer,
scientific historian, nor political theorist,
bat he has set down his impressions of a
fascinating people and country during
many months' teuring through South
America, particularly in the Panama zone.
The section dealing with the canal is of
particular interest. To many the chief

charm of the book will be found in the
illustrations, of which there are 14.5. all by
the author.

Trans-Himalaya. (Vol. 111.) By ,Sven
Hedin. (Macinillan. 15s. net.)

This tliird volume of Sven Hedin's mar-
vellous account of his two years' adven-
turous travelling in Tibet is as full of
charm as were the former volumes: more-
over, for all those who have not had a
chance of reading them, there Avill be the
added help of a recapitulation of some of
the work which Sven Hedin formerly de-
scribed. Beautifully illustrated, the vol-
ume is a delight to the eye as well as a
source of instruction and a means of fill-
ing the blank places in the map of Tibet.

Towards Liberty. By Lucy Re-Bartlett.
(Longmans, Green & Co., Is.)

In a little book of seventy-four small pages
packed with wisdom, Mrs. Re-Bartlett
sheds a new light upon the Suffrage move-
ment, and has given us three essays which
men and women, suffragists and antis,
alike would do well to read, because of
her just and impartial view, and the splen-
did ideal set before her readers. The gist
of her message is that freedom can only
be assured to any part of a nation when
it is spiritually readj' for it; that the
women of England as a whole are not
thus ready; the average woman cannot
get past the thought of the personal
family happiness. The true value of mili-
tancy is to energise other women, and to
show them that by the poverty of their
own spirit they are retarding the pro-
gress of the s])irit of man.

Messufjes jrom the Unseen. (Daniel. Is. net)

A series of messages from a loving and
loved wife to her 'husband and family.
They come chieHy througli automatic
writing <liiiiiig sittings with the family.
Some of the letters are very beautiful, one
especially, concerning the origin of re-
vivals, which are said to be caused by
bands of spirit helpers whose special Avork
it is to bring home spiritual truth and
love to seeking souls. If any special area
is seen by them to be favourable they con-
centrate their forces there, so that wliat
at first seems but a little spark of light
will gradually spread into a great eon-
fiagration.

The Ili'iuhjuurti r licmiit. By Bicliard
Dehan. (Heinemann. 6s.)

The publication in l>ook form of these
twenty-three short stories by "Richard
Dehan "' is a further proof of the extrn-
or<linary versatility of this remarkable
woman, who, as Ototliilde Graves, pas.st^il

730

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, lOlS.

almast unuoticed by the critics. When the
" Dop Doctor" dawned upon an aston-
ished world, the critics almost fell over
one another in their haste to acclaim the
writer, and it is not much wonder that Miss
Graves believed that it was only because
she had assumed a man's nam.e that her
work commanded success.

The truth is that her short stories, pub-
lished chiefly in The, Wniid, had the fate
of otlier short stories — tiiat is, they were
read with keen interest, but soon forgot-
ten; whilst the "Dop Doctor." having the
space to give a larger exhibition of the
writer's intense dramatic force and ex-

traordinary power of characteris.itiou,
held the reader breathless, not for ten
minutes only, but for hours and day.s.

TJiG stories here given to the public are
models of what short stories should be —
never banal, never wholly sentimental,
yet with sentiment cropping up in an un-
expected way, unconventional and virile.
Readers of the book will want to retain it
as a tr<'asured possession for an occasional
leisure half-hour. No two stories have a
likeness. "A Ohintz-covered Chair" is
brutal in its naked force, whilst "Clair-
voyance" is trivial in comparison.

SOME INTERESTING NOVELS.

Strenqth of the UiUs. By Hallnveli Sut-
cliffe. (Paul, 3s. 6d.)

Mr. Sutcliffe's novel has for its basis the
old theme of the sturdy dislike of the
country gentleman to the innovation of
business, and the unrest of competition.
His hero is the only son of a North Coun-
try squire who has had the pleasant up-
bringing of an ancient house, where the
easy hospitality' of its owners had been so
much a matter of course, that even a debt
has not been allowed to alter ii. Straight
as a die — a good fisherman and a sturdy
huntsman — Roger Holt lia.s never been
rouswl from his tranquil laziness of mind
until the knowledge comes to him that the
increasing burden of their debts, one es-
pecially which is almost a crime, is kill-
ing his father. Their land lies in the
moorland hill country, where of old the
men who tilled the land did their own
wool-combing, and neitln.'r steajji nor fac-
tories had made tlieir api)oarance. Roger
Holt is wakened up fi-oni his lethargy by
his love for a beautiful neighbour. He
sets to work, and himself starts a small
wool factory. His lady love taunts liim
with being a tradevsman, and will scarce
speak to him. To the father his son's
course is anathema, so wo get exactly the
elements necessary to turn a very ordinary
young man into a hero. Roger Holt suc-
ceeds in his business, vanquishes peace-
fully the rioters who had threatened to
burn down his factory, and, as will be
readily imagined, his lady love recog-
nises his nobility, and jnarries a mill-
owner. The plot is comparatively negli-
gible; it is the characterisation, the white
beauty of the moors, and the fine fi^^ht of
Roger against circumstances which en-
thi-alls the reader from beginning to end.

The iMic-Bringers. By C. B. Lancaster.
(Hodder.)
Mr. Lancaster's story takes place in the
North-West of Canada, and his heroes
are two of the monnte<l police. The ac-
counts of their adventurous rides, their
taking prisoners alone by the mere majesty
of the law seem almost bevond the bounds
of belief. The two men have been rivals
in love; the strength of the one lies in his
spiritual side, in the other the animal
nature is predominant. Tn the course of

their work the liner of tlu> two — Tempet^t
— falls in love with and idealises a half-
breed girl. Later on this girl is convictod
of a crime, and the second man is detailed
to search for her and bring lu-r to jus-
tice. The story abounds in rich, full-
coloured description, vigorous, and yet
delicately put. It is not a novel which
ran be rushed through in a short railway
journey, but is one to take up and read
leisurely.

The VisKiit of ihi' Via is. By Curtis Yorke.
(Long.)

A novel tohl in peculiar fashion. In the
opening chapter we are introduced to a
girl who is fulfilling the ordinary lot of
endeavouring to earn her own living as
a daily governess in London. In the next
chapter Berenice receives a letter from
an unknown godmother who offers to adopt
her, and henceforth she has a delightful
time, and marries the man she loves.- The
husband is a medical man, and his cousin,
who has fallen in love with her, induces
the doctor to speculate. In a chapter in
which Curtis Yorke holds the reader in sus-
pense the cousin comes to consult him ; he
has heart troul)le, is overcome, aiul ju.st out
of his reacli is the oap.sulo containing tlit-
drug which relieves the agony. Bereniw
hesitates to give it him, ... but just
here comes the singularity which gives
piquancy to the story, and to reveal tlie
end would bo to give the author away.

The Dratfon. By. M. P. Shiel. (Richards.)
One of Mr. Shiel's tales about the destiny
of China and Japan. He says that there
is bound to be a fight to the finish i)e-
tween the English-speaking nations and
the yellow races, and in this novel he
describes the awful and sanguinary con-
flict, making the English-speaking allies
conquer in the end.

CoJumbine at the Fair. Bv Kate Horn.
(Paul, 3s. 6d.)
Miss Horn's heroine is a beautiful, sel-
fish, country girl. Tempted by the lure
of money and gaiety, she leaves her home
secretly, and only awakens to the realities
of life when her host makes fierce love to
her. " She had to dance in Vanity Fair,
over the sharp stones, with bleeding feet,
and weary heart, before she won her soul."

Review of Keviews, 1/9/13.

BOOKS /N BRIEF.

73:

The. Man frvm Xovhcrc. liv Victor Bridfps
vMills & Boon.)
This is one of Messrs. Boon's series of
notable first novels. It is a sensational
story the style of which the reader will
not be inclined to criticise, foi- it grips
the attention, from the exciting opening
when two men (who are the exact doubles
one of the other) meet on the Embank-
ment, to its dramatic close.

That Which Is Written. Bv Sybil C. Smith.
(Methuen.)
Stories with the iSouth African veld for a
locale are welcome, because they give us
pictures of unusual lives, and the charac-
ters often seem to us abnormal, because
we cannot realise the atmosphere in which
they live, in a counti-y witli which so
much of romance is associated. Practi-
cally the interest of the story before us is
centred in the daughter of an incapable
widow, who, with her two sons and another
daughter, have made some little attempt
at farming. The younger girl, whose
vivid nature detects the monotony of their
poverty, is going to turn out badly, one
is sure, though in this book we get no
farther than the manner in which she
leaves her home. Carlotta, the elder, is,
in reality, a noble woman; she has, how-
ever, from her very isolation, fallen into
the hands of a scoundrel, and when she
meets the m^an who is really her peer, the
struggle between her principles and her
love is almost beyond her strengtli to sup-
port. It is the old, old story, but in a
new dress and new circumstances, and so
strongly and forcefully put that it cannot
easily be forgotten.

ricusurrs (ind FaUtces. By Juliet W. Tomp-
kins. (Hodder.)

The adorable Marie Rose is a clieerful
young American, who ihas travelled so
incessantly that "Home, sweet home" is
a trashy song to her. A delightful frien<l
resolves to teach ilier what "Home"
means ; so, on the principle that the best
way to teach sv/imming is to throw the
learner into the water, she induces the
girl to take a flat, and then leaves her
there without maid, meat, or knowledge.
The drastic treatment brings about the
desired result — and the acquaintance of a
man who can cook, a tenant of the flat
opposite.

Mil Father's Son. By W. W. Penn. (Hod-
der.)
This is a depressing book, the moral of
which might be that it is hardly the first
generation of univ<'rsity men entering into
business who will find life therein a suc-
cess. W. W. Penn, the son of a poor pub-
lisher, of a family where skimp and scrape
lias been the rule of life, gets a University
scholarship, but has neither the moral
stamina nor the worldly wisdom for his
position. He tells lies, becomes fl thief,
and- flies the country; yet through it all
we know that a little sympathetic intelli-
oence on the part of his family would have

preventwl the whole catastrophe, whilst,
in spite of all, the father and mother have
real heroism.

Detained Inj the King. By Arthur Maltby.
(Ham Smith.)
A story giving some of the hideous de-
tails of the work of Jeffrey's and Kirk in
Edinburgh. At this distance of time such
horrors as the burning alive of some huu-
<lreds of Covenanters seems scarcely cred-
ible. The heroine is Grizel Cochrane, who,
with the help of the Countess of Dorches-
ter, saved her father's life. The action
is rather slow, but Grizel is very charm-
ing.

Ris .iniericaii Wife. By George H. Jessop.
(Long.)
A capital story, in which the hero nearly
loses his beautiful American wife through
his ambition, for it is not very easy for
her to understand that his Parliamentary
duties must often come before his duty to
his wife. There are one or two comical
Irish stories, which, though they may be
chestnuts, never lose in the telling.

lied Miraf/e. By 1. A. R. Wylie. (Mills
& Boon.)
A powerful novel in a somewhat sombre
setting. Richard Earquhar is a young
officer whose father has fled the country
because he is supposed to have sold plans
to a foreign nation. His mother tells him
more than once that she was not a suit-
able wife, because she is a womanly
woman. (Mi.ss Wylie has in her mind the
old idea that vanity, delicacy, and love of
luxury are the special qualities of a
woman.) Richard falls in love with a
girl who is almost a replica of his mother.
The sacrifice of the father is repeate<l by
the son, and both, quite ignorant one of
the other, enlLst in the Erench Eoreign
Legion. The glimpses of devilish treat-
ment of the soldiers whicli one gets are
revelations of fiendi.sh brutality, but no
doubt Miss Wylie has drawn from facts.
The chief events of this fine drama occur
in Algeria.

The Wilderness Lovers. Bv E. H. Punshon.
(Hodder.)
A curious tale, as wild as tlie scene in
which it is laid. Ear away in the west
of the United States two men had re-
tirt>d to the mountains because a million-
aire Ahab had taken their vineyard. Pur-
sued by '"Ahab" one is caught and shot;
the otlier escapes. Maddened by the fact
that his brother's wife is with child, Ncx-ent
Baker rides to the plains and kidnaps a
woman to care for his sister-in-law. This
woman, a prim little English traveller,
had never obtained the love she craved
for, even from her Jiusband, who has him-
self, only since their journey began, rea-
listxi that he loved Ena. Here are, in-
deed, th<> elejnents of tragedy, for kid-
napper and kidnapped are young, and
liav<> the beauty of youth. The various
characters are set before us in so realistic
a fashion that we .seem to live and move
with them.

73^

Review of Reviews, 1I9I1S~

PROCURESS.

THE REFORM OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

IN ENGLAND.

By REV. HERBERT BRANSTON GRAY, D.D,

Late W arden of Bradfield College, Berks ; Member of the Moseh' Educa-
tional Commission to the United States, 1903 ; President of the Educa-
tional Science Section of the British Association, 1909.

Educational reformers everywhere
have been looking forward with eager
hope, and " stalwarts " — or those who
have vested interests — with correspond-
ing anxiety, to the birth of the educa-
tional measure which Lord Haldane
first promised to the nation in January
last.

Whatever be its scope, the one point
which has excited the hope of the one
party and the anxi«ty of the other is the
official promise that for the first time
in the histor\- of English Education the
Bill will form the basis of " a national
system."

The " privileged " classes have, indeed,
always nourished an uneasy feeling that
any step taken by the State to guide the
lives of its citizens will subtract from
their own ascendancy, while the experi-
ence of the Nonconformists in the
" middle " classes has hitherto led them
to the suspicion that any action of the
legislature might show an undue leaning
towards the interests of the Established
Church.

Happily, the readjustment of political
and religious inequalities during the last
half century has reduced the fears of
the latter to vanishing point, and, in the
sphere of secondary education at least,
they are ready to join hands with the
party of educational reform.

The chief problem will undoubtedly
be how to deal with "the vested interests
of the ancient universities and the older
public schools.

Half a century ago the late Cardinal
J. H. Newman declared that it was
almost hopeless to expect organic re-
forms from within on the part of any
institution which was financially inde-
pendent of public support, especially
when it not only enjoyed the advantage
of historic and social prestige, but was
also in a position to offer substantial
gifts to those on the lower rungs of the
educational ladder who were willing to
be trained in accordance with its own
traditional prescriptions.

It has, indeed, been largel\- due to the
stubborn immobility of these privileged
institutions that educational chaos has
prevailed so long in the region of secon-
dary education. But the power of the
ancient universities has not been limited
to the few who have accepted their bene-
factions. Ever since the establishment
of the Oxford and Cambridge Local
Examinations, in 1858. the\- have
wielded an indirect but real domination
over the Curricula of the whole of the
secondary' schools in the country, not
one out of a hundred of whose aluvini
has had either the ambition or the means

September 1, 1913.

REV/EW OF REVIEWS.

•33

ALBERT ST., EAST MELBOURNE.

Opposite the Fitzroy Gardens.

Principal :

Mr. W. Gray, M.A., B.Sc.

He.\d Master :
Mr. J. Bee. M.A.. M.Sc.

OLDEST PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
IN VICTORI.-V.

Residential Accommodation for 70 Students.

A Comprehensive Curriculum, adapted to

the needs of all.

AMPLE PLAYGROUNDS.

Term Days 1913 : - 1 Ith Feb.. 3rd June. I6th Sept,

Illustrated Prospectus obtainable from
Principal.

THE OLDEST PUBLIC SCHOOL
IN VICTORIA.

TERM DAYS are :- 2nd Tuesday in Feb., Isl Tues-
day in June, 2nd Tuesday In September.

Parents intending to send their boys into jE ^jJSi*
residence should make early application
for places.

Prospectus on Jtpplication.
W. S. LITTLEJOHN, M.A., Principal.

HAVE YOU

A CHILD

that is lieginning to show a desire to read and to know more ahoiit the wonderful
world ill which we live? If .so, be careful of what your ciiild is reading. For this is
the period when a child begins to think and imagine for itself, when the wrong sort
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Reviciv of Recieu-s, 1/9/13.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS.

n t> ^

to take up residence in the two universi-
'- ties..

'■' But this is not all. The universities
'have set up the fetish of external exami-
nations, before which not only ado-
lescents, but babes of 10-14 have been
forced to fall down and worship. The
public schools of all grades and types
have during the last half-century
adopted from the universities this idola-
trous worship, and have offered the en-
ticement of scholarships by competitive
examination to mere children, who begin
to prepare for them soon after they are
in their teens. i\nd yet biologists are
in practical agreement that such com-
petitions involve a premature strain
which results in permanent mental in-
jury and physical atrophy in after life,

" The pressure of these competitive
examinations," wrote Matthew Arnold
forty years ago " is to offer a premium
for the violation of Nature's elementary
laws, and to sacrifice, as in the poor
geese fatted for Strasbourg pies, the due
development of all the organs of life
to the premature hypertrophy of one."

But the mania for such tests of effi-
ciency does not end with the children,
though in that stage it is seen in its most
pernicious aspect. The ludicrous com-
plexity and multiplicity of examinations
in Great Britain have also made us a
laughing-stock among the nations of
Europe.

Out of this educational chaos it is
hoped and believed that Lord Haldane's
new Bill will provide some means of
escape, and will bring a simple central
light out of Cimmerian darkness.

Another anomaly in the British edu-
cational system is that there exists no
organic or even indirect connection be-
tween the highest seats of learning and
the highest scientific training for busi-
ness life.

This has been largely clue to two
causes : —

(i) The predominance assigned both
at Oxford and Cambridge, but particu-
larly at Oxford, to the pursuit of the
two dead languages, by the allocation
of two-thirds of their prizes to pro-
ficiency in those studies ;

(2) Class-])rejudice against embark-
ing in any form of trade.

Happily the second of these causes is
rapidly clisappearing under the com-
bined influence of a plutocracy founded
on commercial success, and of the pres-
sure of the motive — il faitt vivre. Never-
theless, a University whose stalwart sons-
claim that she should resist social and
educational reform and should continue
to " whisper from her towers the last en-
chantment of the Middle Ages " is an
institution which does not easily lend
herself to the needs of a progressive and
industrial age. And yet fifty years ago
Herbert Spencer declared: —

That which our .sohools (and TJniversitios?)
leave almost entirely out wc thus find to be
that whieh most nearly concerns the business
of life. Our industries would cease, were it
not for the information which men begin to
acquire as best they may. after their educa-
tion is said to be finished.

On which pronouncement a modern
American thinker makes the following
reflection : —

It is a matter of commonplace knowledge
that Spencer's prophecy has come true, and
that England is reaping in vanishing mar-
ket.s and a decay of commercial prestige the
fruits of her neglect of .scientific instruc-
tion. Yet even now she only hesitatingly
acknowledges that the causes "of her indus-
trial decline must be laid at the door of her
short-sighted educational policy.

It would exceed the limits of this
paper to dwell on many other anomalies
in an educational system which nothing
less powerful than the arm of the State
can sweep away. But one thing is cer-
tain. Any future essays in educational
reform must begin from the top and not
from the bottom. And it will surely
be a safe venture to prophesy that such
a policy will dictate the scope of the
forthcoming Bill.

It was perhaps inevitable that when,
in the middle of the last century, an at-
tack was made on " the empire of ignor-
ance " among the poorer classes, the as-
sault should begin from below. In
1847 it was discovered that half the
adult population of England could
neither read nor write. Twenty years
afterwards Lord Beaconsfield "dished
tlie Whigs " by " lowering the franchise
to the man instead of raising the man
to the franchise." It thus became a mat-
ter of immediate and imperative neces-
sity that we should proceed to "educate

736

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1. 1913.

our masters." The Educational Act of
1870, and subsequent measures, were the
result. But, as an exposition of a scien-
tific policy of education, a beginning
was made at the wrong end.

The field of Secondary Education
has meanwhile remained, not indeed an
educational waste, but an area into
which the educational farmer has, for
the past fifty years, been flinging experi-
mental seeds in such indiscriminate pro-
fusion that they have choked and atro-
phied each other in their competitive
struggle to attain maturity. No won-
der that they have brought forth no edu-
cational fruit to perfection. The won-
der is that they have, in spite of over-
crowding, produced " in spots " such
comparatively excellent results as have
been achieved. No wonder again that
the very projects, noble enough in their
conception, which have been made for
the educational progress of the poorer
classes have not seldom proved an occa-
sion of stumbling. The educational
ladder which was set up " from the
gutter to the University " has hitherto

been a comparative failure, because the
rungs have been insecurely fitted. The
obstacles in the way of a promising
elementary school boy climbing from
the bottom to the top have proved in-
superable in ninety-nin^ cases out of a
hundred. In other words, most of the
scholarships awarded at Oxford and
Cambridge, by aid of which alone a
student can gain the benefit of a Univer-
sity education, are bestowed only on
such as can afford a preparatory train-
ing at institutions, or with tutors, that
demand fees far out of the reach of the
poorer classes. It was not surprising to
hear recently that out of 287 students
holding scholarships at Oxford only
three had come from elementary schools.
It is not too much to hope, and in-
deed to expect, that these and similar
inequalities, which at present serve as
" the invidious bars of birth," may be
broken down by the forthcoming mea-
sure, to which many educational re-
formers look forward with hope, if not
with confidence, as the golden dawn of
a new educational era.

THE NEW EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME IN

ENGLAND.

By \V. 11. M.

Mr. Pease unfolded the new educa-
tional programme in England in a sin-
gularly clear and informed statement of
educational policy. The present Bill
is a small one, but he really sketched
a svstem of national education reno-
vated from top to bottom. The unborn
babe is to gain something from schools
in rr other-era ft, the infant is to pass
at an early age into a new form of
nurser)^ school ; childhood gains by the
removal of the " Cockerton " restriction
on subjects taught as well as by more
physical training, school-baths, playmg-
fields, and medical treatment. The
period of compulsory attendance is to
be extended ; and the pathway to higher
education is then to be made smooth,
partlv by a comDulsorx' provision of
suitable schools, but still more by the
co-ordination of existing miscellaneous
schools, " academies," and polytechnics.

VSSIXGHAM.

In the highest stages of all, where uni-
versities, training colleges, and Imperial
technical institutes hover between the
" local " and the " national," Provincial
Councils, covering large areas, are to
combine delegated powers from local
authorities with financial support from
the national treasury. From the cradle
to the grave, the crooked places of Eng-
lish educational highway are made
straight, the rough places plain.

LACK OF TEACHERS AND SPACE.

The chief cost of Mr. Pease's reforms
will be incurred when the Government
proceed to make good the approaching
dearth of teachers, and the increasing
deficiency of buildings. The money
saved in recent years by excluding in-
fants will reappear in the more costly
form of new nursery schools. The grow-
ing arrears of school building which

September 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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738

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 1913.

BLACK'S

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Revieic of Kevieics. Il9lv3. EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS.

39

have followed the Act of 1902 will then,
we hope, be overtaken before another
generation suffers. Room must also be
made for "half-timers" to attend full
time " ; each with a school seat entirely
his own. These are big holes to fill,
and the sums required are much larger
than will be needed for the handsome
dole to London University, a new pro-
vision for training secondary teachers,
more aid for medical inspection, school
meals, and matters of that kind. A
large new grant was offered as the price
of Mr. Birrell's Bill, seven years ago,
and since then the actual grants paid
have been raided for other purposes ;
while educational finance has been badly
muddled both by the national and the
local authorities. Now the time has come
when, Bill or no Bill, a " large and sub-
stantial additional sum " is urgently
needed. " How much do you want ?"
one educator was asked. " The cost of
a Dreadnought annuall)," was the
answer.

THE RELIGIOUS DIFFICULTY.

As for the religious difficulty, Mr.
Pease properly faces it as a practical
problem in education. It is no longer to
be the duty of an education authority
to force Nonconformist children into
church schools, or I'ice versa. If any
parent desire the freer atmosphere
•of a public school, under local public
management, the public authority will
provide the accommodation But, ex-
cept for the loss of these unwilling
scholars, the voluntary school, of all
denominations, is not to be interfered
with. As the child passes from one
school to the other, the grievances
against private denominational control
disappear. In a great many cases, the

deserted school will disappear also. In
the rural districts, a generous system of
conveying the scholars some little dis-
tance whenever necessary is foreshad-
owed in Mr. Pease's suggestion that
" the school shall be brought to the child,
or the child to the school." All this fits
in with the urgent demands of rural
educational reformers for central schools
serving several villages, and large
enough to be efficient, in place of a mass
of little schools.

NO BILL YET.

The weak point of Mr. Pease's posi-
tion is that nearly all his proposals are
not yet embodied in a Bill. He has
done little more than brilliantly repeat
the general terms of Lord Haldane's
and Lord Crewe's monitions. But it is
clear that he means to repeal the prohi-
bition against building grants in the Act
of 1870, and the intolerable charge on
the parishes m Section 18 of the Act of
1902, and that he will interfere slightly
with the constitution of the Local Auth-
orities as at present established. But
even these reforms depend much on the
form in which they are put before the
Legislature. In other matters, the draft-
ing of Board of Education Bills in
recent years has been disastrous from a
Liberal point of view. Tricky schedules,
sly repeals, disingenuous clauses, have
twisted the best intentions of Liberal
Cabinets into instruments of mere
bureaucracy. The personnel of the
Board of Education has happily
changed since it last drafted a Bill.
But it is very desirable that Mr. Pease
should put his plans in black and white
l)efore the country, either in the form of
Bills or Memoranda, without delay.

Next month articles ivill appear in tfiis section

upon T lie

Inspection of Secondary Schools in Victoria,

and upon

University Reform.

74°

Revieiv of Rerieus, 1/9HS.

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS QUARTER.

CONDUCTED BY ALEX. JOBSON, A.I.A.

AUSTRALIAN BANK OF COMMERCE LTD.

The increase in the net profit of this
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comparing the ratio of net profits to the
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In thus arriving at these ratios it is neces-
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* * *

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» * «

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September 1, 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 74t

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742

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September 1, 1915.

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3x3 3x3 3x4 3x4i 3( x 3t 3J x 4 3i x 41
16-18 6 21 - 24 6 22 6
3*x.^4x4 4x4i 4x.S 4x6
33 6 29 6 32- 36 6 42-
(C.irritiec Paid.) Alsn made in till tridihs
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Abingdon Carpet Mfg. Co., Ltd.

'•^3, Thames \\'harf. AbingdoD-
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25 - 28.6

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Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to adverUseri.

Beviaw of Bericu-s, 1/9/13.

FINANCE AND BUSINESS.

743

SARGENTS LIMITED.

The net profit of £go2/ earned by
this catering- company for the June,
191 3, half-year is about ;^28o less than
that of December, 191 2. From this one
would be led to surmise that the period
had not been so profitable. By reason
of the fact, however, that the Decem-
ber profit included ;^i 180 which was de-
rived from the sale of property, it will
be seen that the trading profit for June
was in reality better by ^^900. This im-
provement is due to a rise in the gross
earnings of over ;£'4370, or ;^59,700,
whilst the expenses were only increased
by ;^347o. The percentage of net profit
to gross earnings was 15.1 per cent., as
compared with 14.7 per cent, in Decem-
ber.

* * *

Of the profits earned, the usual 10 per
cent, dividend absorbed ;^4850, an in-
crease of £^150, due to a dividend being
paid for the three months on the new
capital of ;^6ooo. In addition, ;^4000
was added to the reserves, which now
stand at ;^ 19,000 for general reserve, and
^8000 dividend equalisation reserve.
The Directors will doubless be encour-
aged in their expansion policy by this
improvement in the earnnigs. During
the past half-year the purchase was
completed of the Market-street property,
upon which they obtained ;^i 3,250
under mortgage at 4^ per cent. In addi-
tion they purchased the property adjoin-
ing the factory at Darlinghurst, upon
which already extensions have been
commenced, which, it is expected, will
be complete during the current period.
New tea-rooms were also opened in three
centres in the city, whilst business has

just been begun in a fourth.

* * *

For these extensions money is re-
quired, so that the expenditure of over
;^i6,500 upon freehold land and build-
ings, which now appear at ;£'40,850, is not
astonishing. The plant, machinery, fur-
niture ancl fittings asset, ^^"38,195, is
practically unaltered, there having been
but little outlay thereon. Cash, which
now totals i^i 1,300, is ;^48oo more than
in December, but this, no doubt, will be
required before the factory is complete.

In regard to the assets, there is an ap-
parent conservative valuation placed
thereon, though the method of grouping
leaves much to be taken for granted, and
more to be desired. The present value
of the leasehold premises and improve-
ments, after (it is stated) ample pro-
vision has been made for depreciation,
etc., is ^^20,550. The assets: plant,
machinery, fittings, etc., ;^38,ooo, is large,
and IS above 30 per cent, of the total
realisable assets of ;^i 23,300. The real
value of this asset depends mainly upon
the continuance of the business as a

going concern.

The indebtedness of the Company to
external creditors is ;^22,45o, being
;£"i8oo less than in December. There is,
however, the new mortgage liability of
;^i 3,250. After deducting these liabili-
ties, together with the current dividend
and the goodwill of ;^45,ooo, there re-
mains a surplus of assets amounting to
over ^82,800. This surplus is applic-
able to the paid-up capital of ;^i 00,000
in £\ shares, and reserves of ^^27,831,
less, of course, the goodwill, which
leaves i6s. 7d. per £1 share, being a
slight improvement upon the surplus
six months ago. The last sale of the
shares was made at 25s., so that in this
price there is 8s. 5d. yiex share for good-
will, which is slightl)' below that of
9s. 9d., in February last. The investor
it seems, is rather shy at the present time,
chiefly, no doubt, because of his fear of
possible effects which awards of the
wages boards are going to have upon
the earning capacity of the company.
This company's shares some four years
ago sold readily at 30s. to 32s., at which
time there were but small reserves, and
the profit was below that now obtained,
whilst now at 25s. the market is quiet.
Not only is the dear money market re-
sponsible for this, but other possible
causes are the uncertainty for the future
of catering concerns, as well as an un-
willingness on the part of investors just
now to purchase trading companies'
shares.

744

Beview of Eeviews, 1/9/13.

THE OVER SEAS CLUB. -J

MOTTO.

" We sailed wherever ships could sail,
We founded many a mighty state,
Pray God our greatness may not fail,
Through craven fears of being great."

— Tennyson.

At the opening of all meetings of the Over Seas Club, the Club's motto —
as above — is sung to the tune of the Old Hundredth.

MEMBERS' CREED.

Believing the British Empire to stand for justice, freedom, order and good
government, we, as citizens of the greatest Empire in the world, pledge ourselves
to maintain the heritage handed down to us by our fathers.

OB/ECTS.

' I. To help one another.

2. To render individual service to our Empire, if need be to bear arms.

3. To insist on the vital necessity to the Empire of British supremacy on

the sea.

4. To draw together in the bond of comradeship the peoples now living

under the folds of the British flag.
The Over Seas Club is strictly non-party, non-sectarian, and recognises no
distmction of class. Its members reside in all parts of the world outside the
United Kingdom. Membership is open to any British subject, British-born or
naturalised.

Information concerning the Over-Seas
Club can be obtained from the followinc : —

Australia: Xcw South IVahs. — ^S. Duiicalfe,
321 George-street. Sydney.
Victoria. — Ool. J. P. Talbot, Club Rooms,
Empire Arcade, Melbourne.

Queensland.— Hon. E. H. T. Plant,

Charters ToTvers ; or J. Frostick,

One Mile, Gympie.
South Australia. — A. E.

street, Adelaide.
Tasmania.— H. T. Gould,

beth-fitreet, Hobart.
West Australia. — W. M.

Cathedral-avenue, Perth.

New Zealand. — J. K. Macfie (Hon. Dominion
Secretary), 79 Castle-street, Dun».
din.

Fiji. — A. J. Armstrong, Native OflBce, Suvr
Fiji.

Canada: Quebec Province. — E. B. Pritchard
P.O. Box 2284. Montreal.

Darey, Currie-
J.P., 94 Eliza-
Peters, 3

Ontario.— A. T. McFaMane, 61 Mct-
calfe-street, Ottawa.

Manitoba. — C. Nightingale 15 Liuda
Vista, Vaughan-roau, Winnipeg.

Saskatchewan. — E. A. Matthews, P.O.
Box 1G29, Saskatoon.

Alberta. — T. A. K. Turner, Customs De-
partment, Eklmonton.

British Colnmbia. — W. Blakemore, The
U'eelc, Victoria.

Nova Scotia.— U. Howe, P.O. Box 370,
Halifax.

South .Africa: Natal.— T. W. Jackson. 18

Timber-.-^treet, Pietermaritzburg.
Transvaal. — Horace Kent, Henley-ou-

Klip.
O.F.S.— Charles E. Heywood, Springfon-

tein.
Cape I'vovince.—G. J. R. Howells. 130

Hatfield-street, Capetown.

United Kingdom. — The Organiser, Over-Seas
Club. Carmelite Hou.<;e, London.
F.C

September 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

745.

^

v//#

Mental E>fficiency

Mental efficiency is superiorto, and governs physical strength
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Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertiser*

746

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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Thank you for meiitiouiug lUe Review of Reviewa when wrillng to advertiBerB.

Review of Tininre, ijOli?,.

74:

THE OVER SEAS CLUB.

NOTES AND REPORTS.

The Organisers" Tour.

Mr. and Miss Wreneh left West Australia
on August 13 by the "Nestor"' for Durban,
where they will start their extensive and
arduous campaign throughout South Africa.
They propose to spend three months in the
Union, and expect to reach London before
Christmas. The Organiser reports having had
most enthusiastic meetings in West Aus-
tralia. At Perth he addressed a monster
gathering some 2000 strong, and altogether
appears to have found the branches well
organised. As usual, his cheery personality
gave additional heart and impetus to all the
local secretaries and committees.

The Question of Union.

The visit of Mr. and Miss Wrench has re-
sulted in the starting of many new branches, as
well as in the giving new life to those already
established throughout Australasia. In New
Zealand, far more homogeneous than Au.s-
tralia, the various branches are federated to-
gether. The Over Seas Clubs there have de-
cided upon a uniform .subscription, an<i
united action, when required, is now easy.
That is as it should be. Ere long the vai-i-
otis branches in Australia will be federated,
but whether the clubs in each State should
tirst be united or whether the Union should
bo at onte a Commonwealth matter, is for
the branches themselves to decide. Union is
strength, but the difficulty of federating all
the branches now is obvious. The easier way
is to bring all the clubs in each 'State into
line, and afterwards federate the States.
That is the simplest method, but it may not
be the best. The matter is now receiving
attention by the various clubs. The obvious
advantage of uniform rules and regulations
and concerted action will commend itself to
everyone. In Queensland this has been at
once recognised, with' the result that last
month a conference was held in Brisbane.

Ultimately a meeting of the representatives
of tho different States will have to be held,
and pending any definite arrangements being
made in the matter, I will be glad to rcceiv<>
correspondence on the subject, which will
r<'ach all the brat:clies in the pages of th<>
Revi<>w.

Those wishing to start branches of th<'
Over iSeas Club in their town or district <'an
obtain all information from the secretary of
tho club in each of the States. (.See iianirs
and ad(lress<>s, page 744.)

A Thing to Avoid.

Every branch is autonomous and can do as
it like.s, but it is certainly inadvisable for
any committee to alter the wording of the
fundamental objects of the Club. One of the
advantages of federation would be the avoid-
ance of anything like this occurring. W^e
have to remember that throughout the Em-
pire the motto, creed and objects of the Club
are known and definitely accepted by every
member. With the best intention in the
world, and following out the spirit of the
Club, too, one of the branches has altered
Object 3 to read: "To insist on the vital
necessity of maintaining British supremacy
on the sea and in the air." We all agree, I
. expect, in the need of adequate provision to
make Britain strong in the air, but if
branches begin altering the Objects of the
Club, changes will inevitably be made which
will not be approved by Over Seas members,
say, in Africa, Canada or New Zealand. The
great value of the Over Seas Club is that it
draws together people living all over the
world. Every brancli has now tlie same com-
mon objects. They ought not to alter them
unle;^ every branch throughout the Empire
wants it. Incidentally, if the wording as
sent me is correct, the alteration is inaccu-
rate because British supremacy in the air
cannot be nMintained, for alas, it does not
yet exist !

Branch Reports.

I should be glad to receive notices from
every secretary in Australasia about the
activities of his branch, together with any
photographs of the doings of tlie Club. Please
note, though, that if these communication
reach me after the 2Ufk of the month they
will be too late for insertion in the number
appearing early in the following month.
Several secretaries have complaine<l that
their reports have not been published in the
Review. This is eith^n- because they ri'ache<l
me too late, or were addressed to Mr.
Wrench, who now has them in Soutli Africa !

Club Notes.

M cUKiarne. — The (4iairnuin, Mr. Peters, re-
port.s that the branch has now 800 members,
who greatly apprtx^iate the Club rooms in
Kmpire -Arcade. These are so poi)ular that it
has been found necessary to secure new rooms
for lady members in the same building. A
second l)illiard table has been installed. At
the inaugural smoke night given at the Club
rooms, tlio Ix)rd Mayor, Alderman D. V.

748

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Septemter l, 191S.

mMii ^

.^.-*

1

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^"■'-uS

^^^^Hft^C^ W fca - ^

■■IpSH

QH

^H^bH

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C

THE MELBOURNE BRANCliS CAR ON WATTLE DAY.

Hennessy, president of the branch, presided
ov«^r the gatiieriiip;. wliich numbered some 400.
An excellent programme was provided.
Wattle Day was observed by the lady mem-
bers, who obtained about £25 for the chari-
ties. A children's day is to be held for mem-
b( rs' bainis. A special celebration night
with " Th'O Dandies" is bein" held on the
Club's birthday (August 28). The committee
are giving prizes to the girls and boys in the
State schools of Victoria, and to boy scouts
for essays on various subjects. Lectures are
to be held fortnightly. A billiard tournament
is going on, and cliess and draiight competi-
tions are being held. The library is making
rapid progress, but donations of books will be
welcome. The visiting Britisli ^Nl.'sP. will
be welcomed by the Club on arrival in (Mel-
bourne, and an address will be prosontod
to them.

Ballarat and Bencligo. — Branches of the
Over Seas Club are being started in both
these cities, as well as in other towns in
Victoria.

Wanga Wogga. — CMr. F. P\irnell reports
that tne membership is now close on 70. The
monthl.v meeting was held early in August,
at the president's house, and proved the most
satisfactory this young branch has yet en-
joyed. A syllabus, covering the next few
months, was considered and agree<l to. It
includes an address on the History of the
Over Seas Movement — on the Club's birthday
— ^a discussion on what women have done,
and are doing, for the Empire; special com-
memoration of Trafalgar Day, ana other ap-
propriate events.

Hobart, Tas. — 'Mr. and Miss Wrench gave
a great fillip to the branch here, writes Mr.
H. T. Gould (president). Over 100 new mem-
bers were quickly enrolled, and we now num-

ber 425. The women's branch is becoming
stronger every day, and it is hoped that a
junior branch, on the lines recommended by
Miss Wrench, will soon be started^. At a rt>-
ception given to His Excellency Sir William
Ellison-Macartney and Lady Macartney by
tlio Victorian Leagiie, the Over Seas Club,
the Society of St. George, and the Boy .Scout-s
alsf> took part. His Excellency expressed his
satisfaction at the harmonious way in which
these bodies were working together.^ He
stated that the visit of Mr. and Miss Wrench
had proved an incentive to them all to do
still greater work in the interests of the Club.
Mr. Gould, junior, on the occasion of the
Organisers' visit. propose<l the toast of ' The
Flag of Old England " in a most eloquent
speech, which I n^gret lacked space forbids
me to print.

Borkhnmpton, Q. — The local branch is very
mucli alive. Tl>e members now number over
70. At a recent meeting, the secretary, Mr.
R. F. Grimes, reports it was decided that the
president, Alderman Renshaw. should be
the Club's delegate at the Over Seas Con-
ference in Brisbane. Club members will me*^;
the English Parliamentary party to welcome
them on their arrival at Rockhampton. A
sub-committee was api>ointed to approach the
St. George's Society, with a view to a com-
bined anniversary, and for a Trafalgar Day
celebration.

Toou-ooncha, Q. — Mr. Sydney Austen, hon.
secretar.v. reports that the branch is
progressing very well. Tliere are now 50<]
members, but the number is expected to ex-
ceed the thousand within a few months. The
branch was represented at the Brisbane Con-
ference on August 11.

Longreach, Q. — Mr. Meach-am advises that
the enrolled members now number 370.

September 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

749

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The first car in the world to
travel 1 OO miles in One Hour.

CLEMENT TALBOT, LIMITED,

Automobile Designers and Engineers,

BARLBY RD . LADBROKE GROVE, LONDO.N,

W.

-!♦!-

=vrr-

3E

Don't take Drugs

to relieve that indigestion or io
purify your blood- take instead a
daily dose of

Oruffs merely relieve — in many cum
they never even touch the seal of the (rouble, whilst
lo be rflicacious the dose mus' be continuously increased.

Impurities, which the digestive organs cannot expel,
remaining in the system and icttintf up fermentation are
the direct cause of

Indigestion, Flatulence, Acidity

Bragg '• Charcoal if the natural remedy — rti action is
merrly to absorb the impundC? set up in the process
of digestion and carry ihem out of the •ystem. It ii
not a drug — is never .ssimilated — ha
on any organ of the body and ii therefore (

Sold by alt Chemiyts and Stores. Pi
and 4/- per bottle; Bitcuili, I/-. 2/- a
p;r tin ; Capsulet. 21- per box . Loze
I /I i per box.

SEND THIS ng
COUPON ^

for Samples of five diffrrrni
for mi in which Brass *
Charcoal may be pica-
untly administered.

nzn

Thank you for mentiouiug the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

75°

THE

BONNINQTON HOTEL

(260 Rooms),

5outb2vrnpton Row,

--LOiSDOM --

OPENED 1911 BY LORD STRATHCONA.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Septemhv, :. 1313.

Popular Hotels in Central London.

NBKR THB BRITISH MUSBLIiW.

KINGSLEY HOTEL

Hart St., Bloomsbury Square,
LONDON.

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'hdte

Breakfast.

Luncheon, | /6«

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'h-te

Breakfait.

Table d'hote Dinner, 2 6.

Firit and Second Floor, 5 6 for Room, Attend-
ance and Breakfast.

Luxuriously

Furnished.

Winter Garden.

Lounge.

Orchestra.

Night Porters.

Most centraily situ-
ated for Kusiness
and Pleasure.

Smoking Room.

WELL GROOMED

best describes the man who wears a
G, & L. Suit. The cloth, style, and
finish are all that can be desired. The
price, is reasonable— in fact we liive
maximutn valae in clolh. cut. and
trimmines. at minimum cost.

Stylish Suits from 29/6

\\*c supfily more expenMvc cloth?, but
whether at 29/6 or 5b/- (which is our
hi;^hesi price), the cut and finish is
always of the best.

Our Self-Measurement Form is simple
and effective. In any case you are
.ibsolutely covered by

OLR ClARNNTEE:

" Misfit Means Money Back."

Your money will be in^t,intly refunded
if. on inspection, you are not perfectly

satisfied.

CLOTH IN THE SUIT LENGTH,

If preferred, we will supply you with
cloth at from 10/6 the suit lent^th.
which your own uilor can make up.
In either case you will save money.

Frco PattornB and Easy Sclf-
Meaeuromont Form.

.\ wide ran^e of 120 l'..tterns of

medium or tropical weisht cloths sent

to an\ address. Ask for Bunch No. 70.

Why not drop us a

ryQ a postcard ?

Colonlsf an* For«l»r

GROVES S IINDLEY, ord.r. h«v. sp«;i»i

Att«ntton. Ourlnrccan'l

70 Lion BulldinKS r,^„ „( i,».i.. hn livcnii. >
* ptrfe^l iinrtervtaniiind of tlie
HUDDERSFIELD. rMulremenu.

ePPOSITB THB BRITISH MUSEUM.

THACKERAY HOTEL

Great Russell St.. LONDON.

These well-appointed and commodious TEMPERANCE
HOTELS will, it is believed, meet the requirements, at
moderate charges, of those who desire all the conveniences
of the larger modern Licensed Hotels. These Hotels have

Passenger lifts, Bithrooms on every floor, lounges, and

Spacious Dining, Drawing, Writing. Reading, Billiard

and Smolilng Rooms.

Fireproof Floors, Perfect Sanitation, Telephones, Night
Porters.

Bedroom, Attendance and Table d'hdte Breakfast,

tingle, from 5 6 to 7 6.

With Table d'hdte Dinner, from 86

Full Tariff and Testimonials on application.

Tolvgraphto Addreaaot

Kingslcv Hotel,

"Boolicraft.Westcent,

london"

Thackeray Hotel,
"Thackeray, Westcent,

londoa."

REAL SCOTCH TWEEDS

can be obtained in any len};tii

DIRECT FROM THE MANUFACTURERS.

Suitings, Dress Goods, cind
Overcoatings

IN THE LATEST BEST QUALITIES

DESIGNS ONLY.

(VHRY SPECIAL VALUE.)

Wntefor PATTERNS and PAKTICULARS pokt free fro.

ROBERTS. SOMF.RVILLE c<i COV.

GALASHIELS, SCOTLAND

Special Allention lo Overteai Enquiries •nil Ordfri.

The LADIES' GUILD

(i'aUonised by Royalty),

10 George Street, Hanover Square
London, W., England

RECOiMMENUS BEST SCHOOLS. PkEP.-iLR.\TORY
and FINISHLNG, ENGLAND and CONTINENT

A RELIABLE MEDIUM tkroush whicb lo OBTAIN CULTURED

GENTLEWOMEN as CHAPERONS. COMPANIONS.

GUIDES, SECRETARIES, GOVERNESSES. LADY

HOUSEKEEPERS. NURSES, etc.

Sfpti'tnher I. nn.i.

IxIlview of reviews.

0^

0^

travel and Enquiry

DEPARTMENT.

Subscribers to the Keview of Reviews ulto are
contemplating a trip for pleasure or business arc
invited to vrite to ns for free information con-
cerriiug Routes, Hotels, Shops, etc. Special ar-
rangements liace been inadc to supply tlte tnost
up-to-date particulars about all matters pertain-
ing to travel and education in Great Britain, and
no reader sliould go " Home " without first com-
municating rinth us. .-Ill eyiquiries .-iliould be sent
BY POST, and the coupon must be used to ensure
prompt reply.

75'

m
^i^

Travel Coupon.

N^anie

Ad'lresfi

Subject

Date

Enclose this with Letter if reply by post is required.

A GREAT PHYSICIAN

SAYSt

(t ^f\ 0/ o( all Diseases are caused by the pores becoming clogged, thus shutUng up in the blood the
i\3 h Poison and impurities which Nature intended they should eliminate."— Erasmus Wilso.v, M.U.

THE CENTURY THERMALBATH

3PEN8 THE PORES aad iweats all the poiton out of the bloixl. leavinc
It pure tDd healthy.

In the cure of RHEUMATISM, Kidney and »11 Blood Diseases, there is no ircai-
menl so sure and speedy as the Hot Air Bath

C

"i \

11

Inside or Outeide Heater.

S. CUTHBERTS. RoKER, SuNDtRLAND,

May 22nd, 1911.
"Dear Sir.— /n 190t I bought otie of your ' Thermal Cubinet Baths.' iin.i
have had on an average one bath a week since. Previously from the atte of
nine (when I had Rheumatic Fever) up to forty-two. I was more or lexs in
tht Doctor's hands, sneering from Rheumatism in various parts of tht
body. 1 was also never free from Indigestion. Since using your Bath I
have not had a Doctor once, and have now perfect Digestion. I have every
reason to be thankful for having bought one of your liaths. Please settd
me a 5/- bottle of your Liquid Sulphur. — Yours truly.

(Signed) H. J. Lovejoy (Rev.)."

Vapour Baths energisa. Invigorate, vitalise : they are a luxury beyond the
conception of all tbos« who have not taken them by means of the Century
Cabinet, Scientifically constructed, self-purifying, strong, oonipact ; fuldtd. it
occupies only two-inch space: has head steamer whereby the head and face get
1 ■ rei^iilates temoerature at will of bather.

Cabinets,
make this

, ,,..». mpnl as the bo.ly. The top is constructed of four flaps, patented: reeulates temperature at will of bather.

The Century Cabinet is sold complete with Heater and Vaporiser at 35'-. SO/-. 63/^ .nd TO/- (Cheaper
,</ 1 JiAaiinw 30 days' trial, to be returned at our expense, if, after testing. It is not found as represented. We

offe so .bat yuu "aU be sure of having the BEST BATH CABINET MADE. Write for Catalogue No. 70,t.

anSs«. Dies of Goods s<.nt, also valuable book : Uealih. Strength. Hygiene,;' and Medical Testimony.
Tnousands of Century Cab.neis in use. Agent, wanted. Please mention Revtew of Revtews.

CENTURY THERMAL BATH CABINET, Ltd. j^^f^l), 205 Regent St., London, W.

HILDYARD PATENT STEEL-
WHEELED WAGONS.

Used all iivlt .\usliali.i. WodI \\',igo:\s. Farm Wagons.

Orchard Wagons, Spring Wagons. Tyres any width.

Wheels any hciglit. Proir.pt delivery.

Send for Catalogue to-day,

HILDYARD W A (j ON WORK S,
KKNSINCiTON, MKLROURNE.

752

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

September 1, 191S.

OSTER

FOR GENTLEMEN.

^•^

Fits the leg perfectly ;
all metal parts being
protected, it cannot in-
jure the skin.

COMFORTABLE,

because it lies quite
Hat.

RELIABLE, be-

cause it is made of
the best material.

To be obtained from
all principal dealers,
or we will send sample
pair post free on re-
ceipt o( Is.

w.B.s(;oiiuo.,

■ 54 Clarence St.,
SYDNEY.

^

•■A KNIGHT OF CARTERS."

diUklliiMAUiiliUMi AJa

WE FIT TRUSSES

FOR RUPTURE

SILK ELASTIC STOCKINGS. CRUTCHES. BELTS,
SHOULDER BRACES, ENEMAS. BATTERIES.^
P- BEST QUALITY ; MODERATE PRICES.

DENVER BROTHERS'

" CORNER SWANSTON & LONSDALE «TS. ~

&^ V WEL:jBfoyRNE.yVic " >

ry7r'r^nfvmyfVi"^~\TrK

EYE0lNTMENT&LOTIOf(

(IMIS O-H"* /^/.«* 1 // 'W-.//,-, SdfU^f,

„ f/7c/ose P.y.paivd/e /o

KYMRIC.PTY 62 5wANsroN StMeibolrnl

Fits "Wonder" ha, „o

■"Bromide of Potash "—SAFE,

CERIAIN, CURE- 6 bottles

I7». 2d., posted.

Write (or particulars. Advice free.

T. H. MERSON. 229 Collins Street.

Melbourne :

and 16 Hunter Street. Sydney.

OK^^LL-'tV LJII^

NORTON Ca RICE

1 St. SwitHiii's Ivane, Mansioii House, E.C.

4/7 Ancient Corner of
the City.

Civil & Sporting

Tailors and
Breeches Makers.

Ad extensive Stock of

Materials for all

Seasons.

Telephone :
5190 Bank.

Immediate attention given to
all Telephone and Mail Orders.

SPECIALITE
The...
WESTBURY COAT

giving the wearer complete
freedom in any position.
Specially adapted for Golf.
Shooting, Fishing, etc.

Patterns and Self-measure-
ment Forms sent on
i.=J application.

Patterns cut for •II garments and «v«ry

detail carefully noted and registered for
refe re nee.

rnwVic o; nriicirs, l/n/15.

A CHILDREN'S LIBRARY

for

7/6

post free.

A charming set of Books which prove the delight of Children.
Nine Volumes in all, bound in cloth, and in a special case, form a
veritable library of Nursery Rhymes, Fairy Tales, Fables, Travel,
and other stories for the Bairns. No more acceptable present
for children, your ov/n or your friends', could be found.

CONTENTS :—

VOL. I.— ^sop's Fables.

V^OL. VI. — Nursery Rhymes and N'iii.sery

VOL. IL — Baron Munchausen and Sinbad i ,.„, \^tt n^ /-,i ■ , c. ^ ■ ^

the Sailor. 1 VOL ML— llie C iristmas Stocking and

,^„^ ^^^ m, . 1 o ^ , ' Hans Andersen s l*airv Stories.

\ OL. IIL — Ihe Adventures of Reynard
tlie Fox and Tlie Adventures of Old
Brer Rabbit.

VOL. IV.— Twice One Are Two.
VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress.

VOL. VIII. —Gulliver's Travels. 1.—
Among the Little People of Lilliput.
2. — Among the Giants.

VOL. IX.— The Ugh^ Duckling, Eyes and
Xo Eyes, and The Thri'o Giants.

Sent 7/0 (From New Zealnrxl Sjci) to tho Xlaua<rGF, Tlie ^Review of lievlows,
T. and G. Buildiitg, Swansion Street, Alelbourne.

MODERN LANGUAGE MANUALS

FOR STUDENTS, TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS.

FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT.

(THIMM'S SYSTEM) (ENLARGED .'^ND REVISED)

By J. LAFFITTE, B.-es-L.

For learning the language by the natural method. Contain-
ing selected and classitied Vocabularies, Phrases, Idioms and
Co.iversations,with the Ptlone ic fronuncialion of all the words.
The French can thus b_' read correctly at a glance. The pre-
sent edition has b-'cn entirely re-written and substantially
enlarged, and the SCHEME OF PHONETICS carefully re-
vised and simplified.

Cm. 8vo, 148 pp. Blue Wrapper, 1/3 ; Red Cloth. 1/9.

FRENCH GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT.

By J. LAFFITTE. B.-es-L.,

Principal French Master, City of London School.

A course of simple and practical lessons in the Grammar and
coustriictio.i of the French Lang jag;, progressively arranged
arid fully illustrated with model sentences; useful e.xercises
throughout, and an Alphabetical Vocabulary. It is the work
of a native F"rench Teacher of great practical experience and
high standing.

Crn. 8vo. 136 pp. Blue Wrapper, 1,3 ; Red Clo h. 1/9.

HEl'V to FrencH Grammar Self-TaugHt. Crown 8vo. Blue Wrapper, 9d.

THE SET OF THREE BOOHS n Blue Paper Wrapper, banded together with Blue Wrapper, 3,-; In one volume, Green Cloth. 4 -

Marlborough's SELF-TAUGHT Series.

Containing Travel Talk for Railway, Steamboat, Customs, Hotel, and Post Office ; Amusements ; Conversations, Vocabu-
laries, Elementary Grammar, Tables of Money, Weights and Measures, etc. with the ENGLISH Pho.ietic PROxDNlU I M^.

Red Blue
Self- Cloih. Wrapper
ARABIC (Syrian) tdugot 3s. ... 2s. 6d.

BURMESE
DANISH
DUTCH

EGYPriAN (Arabic
ESPERANTO ...
FINNISH

FRENCH ... taugM 1S. 9(1. Is. 3d. NORWEGIAN

7$. . . 6s. GERMAN Is. 9d... Is. 3d. PERSIAN

3;. ... 2>. 6d. GREEK (Modern) „ - ...2>. Gd PORFUGUESi:
35. ... 2s. 6d. niNDlSTANI „ 3s. ...2>. 6d. RUSSIAN

l„ 3>. .. 2s. 6d. HUNGARIAN „ 3s. .. 2>. Gd. SPANISH

l*.9l. Is. 3J. ITALIAN Is. 9d.. Is. 3d. SWEDISH

3s. ... 2... 6d. JAPANESE 3s. .2,. 6i. TAMIL

TURKISH
SOLD by all BOOKSELLERS and BOOKSTALLS. London: E MARLBOROUGH & Co

Red Blue
Self- Cloth. Wrapper
taughi 3s.- .v-^2s. bd.
„ 3s. ..2s. 6d.
„ 3>. ...2s. 6d.
„ 3s. ...2$.6d.
„ Is. 9d... Is. 3d.
3s. ..2s. 6d.
„ 3i. ..2s. 6d.
3(. 2s. 6j.
Publishers.

^\^kV IJJ •»•■ W>^ — -.— -—-— --— — ..— __„.._.,. . .,^..«w... — ......... WW.. WVW.. W WW I . ^w..w..— .w.

W. KIRKUP, T. & G. Buildings, Swanston St., Melbourne

Rericti- of Uryieii?, V9I1S.

Anthony Horderns' Triumph Pipes

THE. TRIUMPH E.XTRA. BRIAR is t'.-e pipe for connoisseur*, ond

guaranteed to be of the finest materials. It is London made. Sterling

Silver-mounted, -wilW Hand-Cut Vulcanite PusK MoutHpiece. and

■will not cracK or burn. Shapes as illustrated.

HAND-CUT
VULCANITE STEMS

By p

LONDON MADE
UNTED

We are Family Drapers, Manufacturers and Universal Providers, a
offer three-quarters of a million pounds' worth of the world's Choic
Commodities at

ANTHONY HORDERNS' FAMOUS LOW PRICES.

Price Lists of anything you want post free on rtquesl

SHAPES AS
ILLUSTRATED

PUSH STEMS

5 6

By Post

Shapes Nos. 3A & 35 have Silver Pu*h.

ANTHONY HORDERN & SONS Ltd.,

Only Universal Providerf,
New Palace Emporium,

BRICKFIELD HILL, SVDNtY

Print«d and published by John O«boin«, 508 Alb«TV«t., E. Melbonme; 8ol« Wholesale
Distribntins Asenta for Australasia: UeMr«. Gordon and Oo^h Pty Ltd.